"All the World's a Stage We Pass Through" R. Ayana

Showing posts with label soil remineralisation. Show all posts
Showing posts with label soil remineralisation. Show all posts

Friday, 13 June 2014

Repair Your Body and the Earth: How to Bring Minerals Back Into the Soil and Food Supply


Repair Your Body and the Earth
How to Bring Minerals Back Into the Soil and Food Supply





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By Dr. Mercola


There are now many studies clearly documenting that if you eat processed foods, you're being exposed to toxic herbicides. These toxic chemicals have been found in everything from breast milk to umbilical cords and placentas.

This of course means that children are now born with a chemical burden unknown to previous generations. What are some of the relatively unknown consequences of this exposure?

In this interview, Dr. August Dunning, chief science officer and co-owner of Eco Organics, helps answer this important question. His company specializes in mineral products for hydroponics and home gardens. More specifically, Dr. Dunning's expertise is in ionic mineral extraction from ocean water for use in sustainable agriculture.

While contraindicated for citrus, these mineral extracts can do "miracles" for most flowering plants, fruits, and vegetables. Dunning recounts one of his earliest experiences with his partner Pam McKenzie, which led to the formation of Eco Organics:

"We tried some of these ocean minerals on some roses in the backyard of her house in Bakersfield, California. At 105-degree heat, these almost-dead roses came back in full bloom in 21 days. We saw the power of mineralization in foods and decided to put a little company together."


Eventually, his interest in organic gardening led him to evaluate glyphosate, the active ingredient in Monsanto's broad spectrum herbicide Roundup. He recently completed a five-year study on how the decrease in food-borne minerals match up with the agricultural processes used.


Glyphosate Use Has Rapidly Increased Disease Rates

Earlier in February this year, he gave a presentation at the Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture (GFIA) in Abu Dhabi, in which he discussed the importance of minerals in food, and how the continual depletion of minerals in food matches the progressive implementation of agricultural practices like mechanization, nitrogen-heavy fertilizers, and pesticide use. As each new strategy was implemented, soil mineralization deteriorated.

"But then something really weird happened," he says. "We see this exponential increase in disease since 1988 or early '90s, which was when genetically modified (GM) food was introduced.

GM food is a patented food because it can be used with their patented herbicide, glyphosate and Roundup... That seems to have a very detrimental effect on what exists on the ground...

In commercially grown food, the mineral depletion has caused a vulnerability to the biological systems in human beings. When you start introducing these very strong chelators and endocrine disruptors, which are what glyphosate and polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) are, you see this huge burst in illnesses and disease rates.

I mean, it's exponentially off the chart. It's not just the mineral problems so much; it's this introduction of... in my opinion, toxic endocrine element into the food supply."


How Chemical Farming Destroys Food Quality

The following chart shows the rapidly decreasing amounts of minerals in food, initially coinciding with the introduction of mechanized farming in 1925. This began depleting minerals faster than the microorganisms in the soil could replenish the ionic minerals needed for the following year's growth, in order to maintain stable levels in the food.

In 1946, the introduction of ammonium nitrate fertilizer stimulated greater yields, but also changed the sub surface chemistry of the soil structure to lock up calcium, burn out the Humus, and cause acidic conditions to occur. This altered the subsurface decomposition chemistry to where gasses like formaldehyde and alcohol started attracting pests.

Unfortunately, instead of replenishing the mineral content to fix the pH and re-establish microorganism/mineral balance (which is the natural way to combat pests), toxic chemistry was introduced in the 1950s. These pesticides effectively killed the pests and fungi. But they also killed microorganisms, along with nature's ability to provide ionic elements needed for proper plant growth and nutrition.

As explained by Dr. Dunning, by the mid-1990s, when genetically engineered (GE) seeds and glyphosate were introduced, any minerals left were hyper-chelated and made unavailable to plants except the patented GE plants. The United States alone applies 200 million pounds of glyphosate to croplands each year. Worldwide, more than one billion pounds of glyphosate are used each year.



So, how bad is the situation, really? The sad reality is, it's quite bad. For example, Dr. Dunning's work shows that in order to receive the same amount of iron you used to get from one apple in 1950, by 1998 you had to eat 26 apples! The reason food doesn't taste as good as it used to is also related to the deterioration of mineral content. The minerals actually form the compounds that give the fruit or vegetable its flavor.


Fewer Minerals = Greater Disease Rates

As demineralization increases, disease rates rise, as indicated in the following chart. Dr. Dunning also scoured the archives of the CDC, NIH, American Heart Association, and other agencies, tracking the incidence of disease over the same periods, and came up with the second chart below. As you can see, a very clear pattern emerges when all this information is combined.



"An interesting thing just came out on the news recently about this new swine virus, where this virus is wiping out all these pigs, but not the pigs that were fed organic food, non-GMO corn," Dr. Dunning says. "If that's the case, then it would seem logical to try and investigate the idea that the GM food, which is damaging the endocrine system that protects the animals from toxins and virus attack, is actually destroying that ability. The swine aren't dying from just the virus; they're dying from the lack of protection against viral attacks due to this GM-contaminated food."


Roundup Is Even Worse Than You Thought

Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) is an adjuvant surfactant in Roundup. It's derived from animal fat, and according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and US Department of Agriculture (USDA), it's an inert ingredient that is safe for use. However, inert does not automatically mean harmless, and this is a critical distinction to make.

"What they really aren't telling you is that it's inert in that it doesn't kill bugs, but that doesn't mean that it's not toxicologically harmful. It's inert as a bug killer, but might not be inert as a human killer," Dr. Dunning says.

POEA has actually been shown to be cytotoxic (toxic to cells) at doses far lower than glyphosate itself. It also amplifies the toxic effects of glyphosate. Dr. Dunning also notes POEA causes hemolysis—a condition where the membrane of your red blood cells burst. This removes the hemoglobin, which decreases oxygen transport in your body. If your blood isn't transporting oxygen to your brain for example, it may contribute to a wide variety of neurological problems.

"Glyphosate has several different formulations, but most of it has this additive—POEA—which is a surfactant. In other words, glyphosate tends to be hydrophilic. It doesn't want to go through the leaf surface, so they have surfactants that get dried into the leaf," Dr. Dunning explains. "Because it dries into the leaf, it doesn't wash off. It gets into the system of the plant...

POEA [also] has extremely strong detrimental effects itself. It destroys the cytochrome P450 enzyme in the liver, which is designed to detoxify toxins. When that enzyme system is damaged, these toxins are way more effective. It also destroys the ability of glutathione to be used.

Moreover, there's an interesting phenylalanine issue. Phenylalanine is needed for tyrosine, which also gets your epinephrine and norepinephrine made. If you decrease your phenylalanine [production], you don't get that cascade of chemicals. It also destroys tryptophan. Tryptophan is needed for serotonin and melatonin, so you can sleep at night. We're seeing a lot of sleep disorders in the population. Well, if you're destroying your tryptophan and your serotonin and melatonin cascade, you're going to see sleep disorders.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has studies that show that these chemicals mimic adrenaline, which is also a big part of that because norepinephrine makes your adrenaline. We're seeing these illnesses occur in humans that are very similar to endocrine-disrupting systems. We're seeing the introduction of chemicals in food that do exactly that, and no one wants to really address this issue."


How to Improve Soil Health, Naturally

Dr. Dunning has come up with a really novel biological way to address deteriorating soil health. And he's compared the results between his methods and conventional chemical-based agriculture.

In terms of food quality, his method, which involves adding naturally-occurring ocean minerals back into the soil in which the sodium has been removed, results in food with higher mineral content. This typically results in a 10-15 percent jump in the food's mineral content, compared to foods grown in untreated soils.

"We also found that when you grow organically, you get better mineral content even if you don't mineralize, because you don't have these constricting chemicals in the soil," he notes.

"What's nice about our stuff is you can mix it with water and just pour it in because it's only ionic minerals; there are no plant hormones, additives, or anything. The plant will use what it needs, because it's ionic. It only takes little, teeny, microliter sizes of the minerals to produce millions of available ions... Within a week or two, you'll see this huge greening and this growth effect."

As for application, you can use it as a soil treatment to get the roots going. The plant will develop a very large root mass, very early, which will make the plant grow very strong, very quickly. When you want to really infuse your plant with minerals, you can use it as a foliar spray.


Do You Have Earthworms?

Other important ingredients for a successful garden are carbon and earthworms, which are intrinsic allies.

"They're top tiller of the soil, you know," Dr. Dunning says. "By the time it gets out of the rear end of the worm, those minerals are ionic. The reason worm castings work is they're ionic minerals. In the carbon sink, it is great. The biochar is fantastic... You need carbon because cellulose is sugar. Plants are cellulosic materials. You need the carbon to make the sugars. You need the carbon sink and all those materials to lock the minerals, because these are anions and cations.

They're positive and negatively charged ions. When they go in the soil, they're going to grab onto something of its opposite force and dwell there... Microorganisms are producing the electrolytes, which then chelate out these ionic elements to make it available for the roots in the soil. It's a beautiful, beautiful system going on in the soil, [and] the worms are the key here. If you've got good worms, generally speaking you've got good soil."


Compost Tea and BioChar

Compost tea is another phenomenal way to increase the soil's worth. But compost tea without the right soil structure will not work all that well, because there's not enough to support the life. If the microbes don't have a "home" where they can thrive and multiply, they will soon die. Biochar, as it turns out, is an ideal home base for microorganisms, which helps explain some of its benefits to plant growth.

Biochar is created by slowly burning biomass like wood chips, corn stalks, coconut shells, or any similar organic material, in a low-oxygen environment, such as a kiln. When burned this way, about 70 percent of the carbon in the organic material is not released into the atmosphere as CO2; rather it traps the carbon and forms a type of charcoal that has a reef-like structure, which serves as a magnificent microbial home. This is completely different than wood ash, in which nearly all the carbon is released as CO2 and only minerals are left.

The introduction of Biochar into soil is not like applying fertilizer; rather it's the beginning of a process—most of the benefit is achieved through the activity of the microbes and fungi that take up residence in the treated soil. They colonize its massive surface area and integrate into the char and the surrounding soil, dramatically increasing the soil's ability to nurture plant growth. As explained in a recent Ecologist1 article, research shows Biochar can more than double a plant's yield! Besides providing excellent living quarters for soil microorganisms, Biochar also has a number of other benefits, including:

1.     Serving as a magnificent home for soil microbes, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, that are ultimately responsible for extracting the nutrients from the soil and feeding them to the plant

2.     Improving overall soil quality and fertility. Biochar serves as a magnet for nutrients and time releases them back to the plants when they need it

3.     Raising the soil's water retention ability and helps regulate the moisture in the soil much like a humidistat

4.     Returning much of the depleted carbon to the soil (carbon sequestration), where it can remain for hundreds or even thousands of years

5.     Potentially helping to "filter" toxic chemicals in the soil, much like carbon-based water filtration systems can filter toxins out of your water


More Information

The conclusion I've reached after being trained as a physician and then transitioning into focusing primarily on natural health, is that once you really apply the disciplines of health and seek to take it to the highest levels, the inevitable conclusion is that you've got to get back to having a direct connection to the soil. It's essential to understand the relationship between the soil in which your food is grown, and your health.

In the end, you cannot optimize your health without good food. It's just impossible. And this is why learning what we need to do to reverse the massive destruction of our global crop soils is absolutely imperative—both on a personal and global scale. To learn more about Dr. Dunning's ionic mineral products—which include two lines: EcoVie and My Grow Minerals—please see www.EcoOrganics.com. Acres USA is another great resource where you can find a lot of information about the minerals needed for optimal soil health.


Vote with Your Pocketbook, Every Day

The food companies on the left of this graphic spent tens of millions of dollars in the last two labeling campaigns—in California and Washington State–to prevent you from knowing what’s in your food. You can even the score by switching to the brands on the right; all of whom stood behind the I-522 Right to Know campaign. Voting with your pocketbook, at every meal, matters. It makes a huge difference. By boycotting GMA member Traitor Brands, you can help level the playing field, and help take back control of our food supply.

I-522 poster

I encourage you to continue educating yourself about genetically engineered foods, and to share what you’ve learned with family and friends. Remember, unless a food is certified organic, you can assume it contains GMO ingredients if it contains sugar from sugar beets, soy, or corn, or any of their derivatives.






From Dr Mercola @ http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/05/25/food-minerals-soil-health.aspx



For more information about soil remineralisation see http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/soil%20remineralisation
For more information about Roundup see http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/roundup
- See ‘Older Posts’ at the end of each section



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Saturday, 6 April 2013

The Wonder of Biochar: How to Regenerate Soils and Heal the Atmosphere


The Miracle of Biochar
How to Regenerate Soils and Heal the Atmosphere


 CharApplication.jpgMost carbon in the soil is lost as greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, CO2) into the atmosphere if natural ecosystems are converted to agricultural land. Soils contain 3.3 times more carbon than the atmosphere and 4.5 times more than plants and animals on earth (1). This makes soils an important source of greenhouse gases but also a potential sink if right management is applied. The use of crop residues for bio-energy production reduces the carbon stocks in cropland. Further the dedication of cropland to bio-fuel production increases the area of cultivated land and thus carbon loss from soils and vegetation.

Pyrolysis of waste biomass can generate fuels and biochar recalcitrant against decomposition. If biochar is returned to agricultural land it can increase the soil’s carbon content permanently and would establish a carbon sink for atmospheric CO2. In this case the use of crop residues as a potential energy source may improve soil quality and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in a complementary not competing way.

Biochar is proposed as a soil amendment in environments with low carbon sequestration capacity and previously depleted soils (especially in the Tropics). From previous studies it is known that soil biochar amendments increase and maintain soil fertility (2) and the human-made Terra Preta soils in the Ama-zon prove that infertile soils can be transformed into fertile soils and long term carbon enrichment is feasible even in environments with low carbon sequestration capacity (3).


The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change


Climate change and global warming are two terms
used for the predicted and observed increase in temperature. While the current temperature increase is caused by human influence on the earth’s carbon cycle, the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process. In fact, without this process life on planet Earth would be rather unlikely. Short-waved radiation from the sun is able to permeate the atmosphere (about 55%). The reflected radiation from Earth’s surface has a longer wave length (infrared). The majority of this outgoing radiation is absorbed by the so called greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide) in the atmosphere (Figure 1).


steiner-greenhouse-effect.jpg
Figure 1 illustrates the Greenhouse Effect (redrawn from www.ipcc.ch)


This process changes the energy balance of the planet just as the glass roof of a greenhouse. This natural process rises the Earth’s temperature by 33° Celsius to an average of 15° Celsius. The amount of heat energy retained by the atmosphere is controlled by the concentration of greenhouse gases and they are balanced by the action of life. Without life the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere would be different.
The global carbon cycle exchanges carbon (as CO2) between carbon reservoirs. These include (4): • The atmosphere (720 Gt = billion tons) • The terrestrial biosphere (2,000 Gt) • the oceans (38,400 Gt) • marine sediments and rocks (Lithosphere > 60,000,000 Gt) and  fossil fuels (4,130 Gt) = coal (3,510 Gt),  oil (230 Gt),  gas (140 Gt) and others (250 Gt)

Terrestrial ecosystems and the oceans exchange CO2 rapidly with the atmosphere. The carbon exchange from the lithosphere is very slow, although some CO2 is released by volcanoes. CO2 is removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and stored in organic matter. When plants grow they utilize sunlight, CO2 and water (H2O) to synthesize organic matter (photosynthesis) and release oxygen (O2, see equation 1). 


Equation 1                                                     Light
                                                                      

                                                  CO2 + 6H2O    C6H12O6 + 6O2


This organic matter is returned to the atmosphere by decomposition of dead plant tissue or distur-bances, such as fire, in which large amounts of organic matter are oxidized and rapidly transferred into CO2. Terrestrial carbon is primarily stored in forests (5). In undisturbed full-grown forest ecosystems, the turnover time of carbon is on the order of decades and uptake by photosynthesis and release by decay is balanced.


http://www.biochar.org/joomla/images/stories/steiner-globalcarboncycle-correct.jpg
Figure 2 Sources and sinks of CO2 - The global carbon cycle


Atmospheric CO2 increased to 379ppm in 2005 (Figure 3). Ice core records reveal that we have left the domain that defined the Earth system for the 420,000 years before the Industrial Revolution (4) in a speed never occurred before (Figure 3).

 CO2 is the most important anthropogenic GHG and its annual emissions grew by about 80% between 1970 and 2004. The current level exceeds by far the natural range over the last 650,000 years. The in-creases in GHG concentrations are mainly caused by fossil fuel burning and land-use change provides another significant contribution (Figure 5)

 
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Agriculture


Measurable anomalous emissions of GHG began already 8000 years ago. These early anthropogenic CO2 emissions were caused by forest clearing in Eurasia for agricultural purposes, and methane (CH4) emission rose from widespread rice irrigation about 5000 years ago (6). After 1750 the increase in atmospheric CO2 was mainly caused by fossil fuel combustion but emissions from land use change contributed about 30%, from which more than half is estimated from depletion of carbon in the soil. This depletion is exacerbated by further soil degradation and desertification (7).

The total soil carbon (organic and inorganic) is 3.3 times the size of the atmospheric carbon pool (1). As most agricultural soils have lost 50 to 70% of their original carbon (7) they represent a considerable carbon sink if efforts are made to restore soil organic carbon, but also a huge source of GHG if soil management and deforestation rates are not changed. There is high agreement and much evidence that with current climate change mitigation policies and related sustainable development practices, global GHG emissions will continue to grow over the next few decades (25-90% between 2000 and 2030) (8).

 
Figure 3 increases in the most important greenhouse gases (www.ipcc.ch)




Figure 4 use of fossil energy (nat-ural gas) for nitrogen (fertilizer) synthesis


Soil organic carbon is not only an important source or sink of CO2 but also important for soil fertility. Before the invention of mineral fertilizers, management of organic carbon was the only way to restore or maintain soil fertility. Sedentary farmers either depleted their carbon stocks for nutrients, facing nutrient depletion, or found ways to maintain soil organic carbon. Migration is the solution to nutrient depletion for an estimated 300 to 500 million people affecting al-most one third of the planet’s 1500 million ha of arable land (9, 10).

This agricultural system is termed “shifting cultivation”, indicating moving from one spot to another as soil fertility declines. Decreasing soil carbon contents correlate with a decline in agricultural productivity. The relationship between soil fertility and soil organic carbon was well known in the first half of the 19th century as the German agronomist Albrecht Thaer published his “Humus Theory”. Thaer’s approach, and quantitative assessment of agro-ecological and economic sustainability of farming systems was used with success during half a century, until 1849 when Sprengel and Liebig published on mineral nutrition of plants (13). From then on the “minimal nutrition theory” progressively abandoned recycling of nutrients from settlements to agricultural fields (14). Mineral fertilization boosted crop production and replenished nutrient stocks but did not treat soil degradation accompanied by accelerated loss of carbon. The observed loss of soil organic carbon is associated with yield decreases, reduced nutrient cycling and reduced nutrient-use efficiency of applied fertilizer (3, 9, 11, 12).

Figure 6 Manmade Terra Preta soil in the Brazilian Amazon. These soils were enriched with charcoal and nutrients and prove that long lasting carbon enrichment and sustained soil fertility is possible even in the tropics.

 
Figure 7 shows the values of soil organic matter (SOM) and its implications on the environment, agronomy, and quality of life. Redrawn and lightly modified from (Lal 2004)


Throughout the world intensive agricultural land use often has resulted in soil physical and chemical degradation, erosion, and higher losses than input rates of nutrients and organic materials. In contrast, the intentional and unintentional deposition of nutrient-rich materials within human habitation sites and field areas has in many cases produced conditions of heightened fertility status. An anthropogeni-cally-enriched dark soil found throughout the lowland portion of the Amazon Basin and termed

Terra Preta de Índio is one such example (16). These soils contain high concentrations of charcoal (17); signifi cantly more plant available nutrients than in the surrounding soils (18). The existence of Terra Preta proves that infertile soils can be transformed into permanently fertile soils in spite of rates of weather-ing 100 times greater than those found in the mid-latitudes. Such a transformation cannot be achieved solely by replenishing the mineral nutrient supply (3).
It is important to separate effects due to organic matter per se (maintenance and improvement of water infiltration, water holding capacity, structure stability, retention of nutrients, healthy soil biologi-cal activity) from those due to decomposition (19, source of nutrients).

Carbon is an important indicator of soil quality, and has numerous direct and indirect impacts on it such as, improved structure and tilth, reduced erosion, increased plant-available water capacity, water purification, increased soil biodiversity, improved yields, and climate moderation. This is essential to sustain the quality and productivity of soils around the globe, particularly in the tropics where there is a greater proportion of nutrient poor soils with a greater susceptibility to carbon loss (Due to faster decomposition in a hot and humid climate).

Increasing carbon stocks in soils with conventional means e.g. conservation tillage, use of manures, and compost, conversion of monoculture to complex diverse cropping systems, meadow-based rotations and winter cover crops, and establishing perennial vegetation on contours and steep slopes can sequester carbon. The sequestration potential depends on climate, soil type, and site specific management. The drawback of carbon enrichment with conventional methods is that carbon level drops rapidly again, as soon as the required careful management is no longer sustained. Carbon contents of cropland increases only if either carbon additions (in form of plant biomass) are enhanced or decomposition rates reduced (20). Only one-third of the aboveground residues remain in the soil after 1year and only 10-20% remains after 2 years. Furthermore the addition of degradable crop residues and reduced tillage systems can increase nitrous oxide and methane (N2O and CH4, both potent GHGs) emissions substantially.


Figure 8 shows a simplified version of the carbon cycle in vegetation and soil. Plants take CO2 from the atmosphere to synthesize tissue (plant biomass). As long as biomass  is growing it accumulates carbon. During decomposition of dead biomass and humus the carbon is released as CO2. In undisturbed ecosystems the accumulation and release of CO2 is in equilibrium.

steiner-charcycle.jpg
Figure 9 illustrates the manipulated carbon cycle due to bio-char carbon sequestration. Biochar is recalcitrant against decomposition and remains in the soil for centuries or mil-lennia. Thus pyrolysis can transfer 50% of the carbon stored in plant tissue from the active to an inactive carbon pool. The remaining 50% of carbon can be used to produces energy and fuels. This enables carbon negative energy generation if re-growing resources are used. (I.e. with each unit if energy produced CO2 is removed from the atmosphere).


Reduced decomposition is an advantage of biochar (Figure 10). Biochar formation has important impli-cations for the global carbon cycle. In natural and agroecosystems residual charcoal is produced by in-complete burning. As the the soil carbon pool declines due to cultivation, the more resistant charcoal fraction increases as a portion of the total carbon pool (21-23) and may constitute up to 35% of the total (23). Carbon dating of charcoal has shown some to be over 1500 years old, fairly stable, and a permanent form of carbon sequestration (7). Inspired by recreation of Terra Preta, slash and char was described as an alternative to slash and burn (24). If a forest is burned, only around 2-3% of the above-ground carbon is converted into charcoal (25), but charcoal production can capture 50% of the above-ground carbon.

If re-growing resources (fallow vegetation or crop residues) are used, slash and char could become a significant carbon sink and an important step towards sustainability of tropical land use systems. The global potential of biochar reaches far beyond slash and char. Systems (pyrolysis) converting bio-mass into energy (hydrogen-rich gas and bio-oil) and producing biochar as a by-product offer an opportunity to combine renewable energy production, carbon sequestration and soil restoration.


 Figure 10 demonstrates the historical knowledge about the recalcitrance of charcoal. Wooden poles were (are) blackened (carbonized) on the outside to increase their persistence in soil (photo C. Steiner).


Biochar can be produced by incomplete combustion from any biomass, and it is a by-product of the pyrolysis technology used for biofuel and bioenergy production. The carbon cycling from photosynthesis and decomposing organic materials is 50 to 60 billion tons (Gt) per year and land use emits approximately 0.5 to 2.7 Gt of carbon (Figure 2). It would make a significant global impact, if only a small fraction of this carbon flux is altered by biochar carbon sequestration.

Carbonization of agricultural and forestry wastes could capture 0.16 Gt carbon yr-1. If the demand for renewable fuels by the year 2100 was met through pyrolysis, biochar sequestration could exceed current emissions from fossil fuels (26).







For more information about soil remineralisation see http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/soil%20remineralisation  
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