Starburst
research has advanced our understanding of the physics behind electrogravitics
and other propellentless field propulsion technologies which makes possible
the design of advanced aerospace propulsion technologies that could radically
change our future means of travel. Imagine flying from New York to Sydney,
Australia in 15 minutes or traveling to Mars in 5 days. These should no longer
be considered wishful dreams, but realities of the present that are awaiting
our implementation.
To move
forward, to make these dreams a reality, we must free ourselves from the
outdated physics theories and paradigms of the past for which such technologies
are an impossibility. The Starburst Foundation is helping to pave the way to
this future through its development of subquantum kinetics, the first unified
field theory to predict a coupling between electric and gravitational fields.
Starburst
researcher Paul LaViolette has shown that subquantum kinetics provides the
basis for understanding the electrogravitic propulsion experiments of Thomas
Townsend Brown, Jean-Claude Lafforgue, Eugene Podkletnov, John Searl and
others. Some of these technologies, such as those of Brown and Lafforgue,
provide thrust to power ratios ranging from 10,000 to 300,000 times that of the
Space Shuttle’s main engine. By providing a theoretical underpinning for the
phenomenon of electrogravitic and electric field propulsion, subquantum
kinetics lays the foundation for engineering the air and space vehicles of our
future.
Townsend Brown’s electrokinetic flying disc
demonstration. Image taken from Brown’s U.S. patent.
The 1956 air intelligence report Electrogravitics Systems obtained in 1985 from
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
In 1985,
shortly after learning about the work of T. T. Brown, LaViolette stumbled upon
a formerly classified 1956 think tank report entitled Electrogravitics Systems.
This incredible document, which he obtained from Wright-Patterson Air Force
Base, detailed the existence of a vast R&D program in the 1950’s
participated in by most of the major aerospace companies that was geared toward
the practical application of this field propulsion technology for aerospace
flight. Through his subsequent publications he brought to the attention of the
public and scientific community the eye opening revelations contained in this
report. In 1990 he participated in NASA’s Space
Exploration Outreach Project to inform NASA administrators about the
existence of electrogravitic technology and of past aerospace industry
involvement, as disclosed in this 1956 report. He proposed that NASA should
seriously consider this energy-efficient means for space travel as a feasible
alternative to rocket technology. Two years later, following an impromptu
public disclosure of classified information by two black project engineers,
LaViolette was able to successfully reverse engineered the propulsion system of
the highly classified B-2 Advanced Technology Bomber. In a 1993 science and
technology conference paper, he showed that the B-2 utilized as its propulsion
system the electrokinetic technology that Townsend Brown had displayed in his
early 50s flying disc experiments and whose application to aviation was
detailed in U.S. patent No. 3,022,430 filed in 1956.
The B-2 Advanced Technology Bomber. In 1993 Paul LaViolette demonstrated that
it is propelled by T. Townsend Brown’s electrokinetic technology
In 1992 Dr.
LaViolette directly contacted NASA’s National Aero-Space Plane Project and
attempted to interest them in using electrokinetics technology in their
program, but without success; see letter from Charles Morris. The following year he again
sent a packet of material to the Aero-Space Plane Project, specifically
pointing out in his letter that one of the advantages of use of this technology
is that it would be able to reduce frictional heating of the wing leading edge
during reentry; see second letter to Charles Morris. Again, he was unable to
raise any interest even though he had acknowledged that they had a problem with
frictional heating of the spacecraft hull.
Ten years
later in 2003, the Columbia Space Shuttle disaster occurred. The cause of the
mishap was excessive heating of the wing leading edge due to dislodgment of a
heat resistant tile. Had NASA implemented electrokinetics technology at the
time LaViolette had alerted them, this disaster would have been avoided.
LaViolette submitted to the Columbia Accident Investigation Board a white paper informing the board about this
technology and his previous efforts to inform NASA about it. As a
response, he received back just a form letter thanking him for his input.
……. First Letter from Charles Morris …….
……. Second Letter to Charles Morris …….
Dr.
LaViolette has shown how the subquantum kinetics field potential concept is
able to explain why an assymetrical capacitor will develop a propulsive force
towards its larger electrode when energized with a high voltage potential.
Standard field theory acknowledges that the electric forces on such a capacitor
will be unbalanced, but leads to the belief that these will merely produce
stress within the capacitor without any propulsive force. In subquantum
kinetics, these field potentials are anchored in the space surrounding the
capacitor (in the surrounding ether) and as a result the capacitor is free to
move in response to the resulting imbalance of forces. This explains the thrust
seen in Brown’s assymetrical capacitors tested by Townsend Brown as well as
those tested by Jean-Claude Lafforgue. Tests of the Lafforgue asymmetrical
capacitor have been carried out by Jean-Luc Naudin; see his website. These
technologies routinely violate Newton’s third law.
Dr.
LaViolette also has worked on explaining how phase conjugated maser beams may
be used to lift an aerospace vehicle. This technology, which was originally
developed by Rocketdyne Corporation in the 1950’s and 1960’s in their ultra
secret Project Skyvault, may also be used as an inexpensive means for putting
satellites into orbit. The following youtube video provides a summary of the
beam propulsion technology that LaViolette describes in his book Secrets of Antigravity Propulsion.
.
AlienScientist video
summarizing LaViolette’s disclosure
of the ultra secret aerospace beam propulsion R&D program.
Electrogravitics and Subquantum Kinetics
In the following three excerpts from his Disclosure Project interview
(2000) Dr. LaViolette’s speaks about electrogravitics,
subquantum kinetics, aerospace field propulsion, nonconventional energy inventions,
and patent office suppression.
T. T. Brown’s 1955-1956 Paris
Experiments Revealed
Townsend Brown flying his discs at the S.N.C.A.S.O.
facility outside of Paris. (photo courtesy of J. Cornillon)
In 1955 and
1956 Townsend Brown made two trips to Paris where he conducted tests of his
electrokinetic apparatus and
electrogravitic vacuum chamber tests in collaboration with the French
aeronautical company Société National de Construction Aeronautiques du Sud
Ouest (S.N.C.A.S.O.) . He was invited there by Jacques Cornillon,
the company’s U.S. technical representative. The project was named
Project Montgolfier in honor of the two French brother inventors who performed
early aircraft flights. The project continued for several years until
the company changed ownership resulting in a final report which was written up
in 1959.
Details of
the Project Montgolfier experiments remained a closely guarded secret for many
years until Jacques Cornillon courageously decided to make them public prior to
his death in July 2008. Brown’s proposal, the Montgolier Project’s top
secret final report, and an assortment of revealing diagrams will
be posted here shortly. Brown’s proposal is in English, whereas the
secret Montgolfier Project final report is in French.
The flying
disc carousel experiment that the Montgolfier Project conducted in 1955 used
2-1/2 foot diameter discs (75 cm dia.) hung from 4 meter tethers suspended from
the ends of a 3 meter arm. Based on the description given, this seems to
have been almost the same flying disc test that Brown gave to the Navy at Pearl
Harbor a year or two earlier.
Left: Brown holding a flying disc tested in Project
Montgolfier. Right: Close-up of disc showing outboard leading-edge wire.
(photos courtesy of J. Cornillon)
Based on the
angle of the disc suspension cable seen in the photo on the right below,
one may estimate that the disc was traveling at a speed of ~8.7 meters per
second, or about 20 mph. It would have completed one revolution of its 18
meter course in 2 seconds.
Left: Carrousel test rig. Right: Disc in flight. (photos
courtesy of J. Cornillon)
Brown had
finished his collaboration with S.N.C.A.S.O. in 1956. From a letter
that Mr. Cornillon later wrote to a colleague, we learn that in October
1957 Brown was in the process of test flying 10 foot diameter discs
energized at a voltage of 300 kV! Here we see that Brown had followed the
plan he had first set out in his 1952 Project Winterhaven proposal which was to eventually test
fly a ten foot diameter disc powered by 500 kV (70% more voltage than he used
in his 1957 test flight). Hence we see that by this early date
Brown had progressed beyond the toy model stage to flying small scale
aircraft. To reach this stage he must have been receiving substantial
funding from either the military or from a major corporation. More about
Project Winterhaven and Brown’s research may be found in the bookSecrets
of Antigravity Propulsion.
In addition
the Project Montgolfier team constructed a very large vacuum chamber for
performing vacuum tests of smaller discs at a pressure of 5 X 10-5
mm Hg; see below.
Left: Vacuum chamber vessel (1.4 m diameter) for
conducting electrogravitic tests. Right: Vessel opened to show test rotor rig
within. (photos courtesy of J. Cornillon)
In reading
the section describing the vacuum chamber results, we learn that when the discs
are operated at atmospheric pressure they move in the direction of the leading
edge wire regardless of outboard wire polarity. This indicates that in
normal atmospheric conditions the discs are propelled forward primarily by
unbalanced electrostatic forces due to the prevailing nonlinear field
configuration (which causes thrust in the direction of the low field intensity
ion cloud regardless of the ion polarity). On the other hand, the report
says that under high vacuum conditions the discs always moved in the direction
of the positive pole, regardless of the polarity on the outboard wire.
This indicates that in the absence of the unbalanced forces exerted by
ion clouds, the discs moved mainly on the basis of the electrogravitic field
effect, always toward the positive (negative G) direction.
These vacuum
chamber experiments were a decisive milestone in that they demonstrated beyond
a doubt that electrogravitic propulsion was a real physical phenomenon.
The report concludes saying: “It seems perfectly reasonable to conclude
that a concentrated force of some kind accumulates within the presence of a
strong dielectric.” (i.e., presumably in the presence of a high-K dielectric.)
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Galactic
core outbursts are the most energetic phenomenon taking place in the universe. During the early
60’s astronomers began to realize that the massive object that forms the core
of a spiral or giant elliptical galaxy periodically becomes active spewing out
a fierce barrage of cosmic rays with a total energy output equal to hundreds of
thousands of supernova explosions(1, 2).
The cosmic
ray electron component of such an outburst is always accompanied by synchroton
emission which consists of electromagnetic radiation ranging from radio wave
frequencies on up to X ray and gamma ray frequencies. A survey has shown that
roughly 15% – 20% of all spiral galaxies are currently seen in their active
core explosion phase during which they exhibit Seyfert-like characteristics.
One example is Seyfert galaxy NGC 1566 (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Image of Seyfert Galaxy NGC 1566, a spiral
galaxy whose luminous core is intensely emitting cosmic ray radiation.
(Courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Kennicutt (University of Arizona) and the
SINGS Team)
In some
galaxies these active emissions have been observed to equal the energy from
billions of supernova explosions. The galaxies undergoing these more intense
outbursts are sometimes designated as quasars. Their core emission being so
strong as to greatly exceed the stellar emission from the galaxy’s disc, causing
the galaxy to have a star-like or quasi-stellar appearance. One example is the
spiral galaxy PG 0052+251 (Figure 2) whose active, quasar-like core is
radiating 7 times as much energy as comes from all of the galaxy’s stars.
Figure 2. Image showing the luminous quasar-like core of
spiral galaxy PG 0052+25. Taken with the Hubble Space Telescope.
(Courtesy of J. Bahcall and NASA)
During the
70s astronomers realized that the core of our own Galaxy (the Milky Way) has
also had a history of recurrent outbursts, that at periodic intervals it enters
an active phase in which its rate of cosmic ray emission rises many orders of
magnitude.(3) Sometimes designated as Sagittarius A*, the core is
estimated to be about 4 million times as massive as our sun; see Figures 3 and
4. But some of the larger more mature galaxies can have core bodies that range
up to billions of times the mass of our Sun.
Conventional
astronomy refers to these as “black holes,” visualizing all of the galactic
core’s mass to be concentrated at a single dimensionless geometrical point.
However, evidence suggests that galactic core mass does not exist in the form
of a point singularity, but as a very dense supermassive star having a density
similar to a neutron star or hyperon star. In the cosmology of subquantum
kinetics, these non-singularity core masses are termed mother
stars (see link for more information).
Figure 3. Infrared
image of the Galactic center radio-emitting source Sagittarius A* seen at a
wavelength of 8.7 microns (red spot marked as GC). Taken with the Hale
Telescope. (Courtesy of Stolovy, Hayward, and Herter)
Figure 4. Stars orbiting the Galactic
center 4 million solar mass Mother Star
(Mapped by the UCLA Galactic Center Group)
Paul
LaViolette, who is currently president and chief researcher of the
Starburst Foundation, was the first to demonstrate that cosmic rays radiated
from the active core of an exploding galaxy can penetrate far outside the
galaxy’s nucleus to bombard solar systems like our own residing in its
peripheral spiral arm disk. He coined the word “galactic superwave” to refer to
such a cosmic barrage. Galactic superwaves are a recent discovery. Until
recently, astronomers believed galactic cores erupted very infrequently, every
10 to 100 million years.(1)
They also believed that interstellar magnetic fields in the Galactic nucleus
would trap the emitted particles in spiral orbits causing them to reach the
Earth very slowly.(4)
For these reasons, most astronomers did not believe that core explosions in the
Milky Way posed any immediate threat to the Earth.
Hypothetical rendition of a Galactic core outburst (from
the video Earth Under Fire, courtesy of Gaiam)
However, in
1983 LaViolette presented evidence to the scientific community indicating that:(5
– 7)
• Galactic core explosions actually occur about every 13,000 – 26,000 years for
major outbursts and more frequently for lesser events.
• The emitted cosmic rays escape from the core virtually unimpeded. As they
travel radially outward through the Galaxy, they form a spherical shell that
advances at very close to the speed of light.
Astronomical
discoveries subsequently confirmed aspects of this superwave hypothesis; see Verified Prediction No. 2.
For example, in 1985, astronomers discovered that Cygnus X-3, an energetic
celestial source of cosmic rays, which is about the same distance from Earth as
the Galactic Center (25,000 light years), showers the Earth with particles
traveling at close to the speed of light, moving along essentially straight
paths.(8)
Later, scientists found the Earth is impacted, at sporadic intervals, with
cosmic rays emitted from the X-ray pulsar Hercules X-1 (about 12,000 light
years distant).(9,
10) The intervening interstellar medium has so little effect on these
particles, that their pulsation period of 1.2357 seconds, is constant to within
300 microseconds.
These
findings are reason to be gravely concerned about the effects of a Galactic
core explosion because they imply that the cosmic rays generated can impact our
planet virtually without warning, accompanying the light arriving from the
initial core outburst.(5,
11, 12) A study of astronomical and geological data reveals that a
superwave from our Galactic core impacted our solar system near the end of the
last iceage,
11,000 to 16,000 years ago.(13,
14)
This cosmic
ray event spanned a period of several thousand years and climaxed between
15,900 and 12,000 years ago. Although far less intense than the PG 0052+251
quasar outburst, it nevertheless was able to substantially affect the Earth’s
climate and energize the Sun. Data obtained from polar ice core samples show
evidence of this cosmic ray event as well as other cosmic ray intensity peaks
from superwaves impacting the Earth at earlier times (Figure 5).(11,
15)
Figure 5. Graph
showing that cosmic ray intensity has varied considerably during the past
hundred twenty thousand years. Lower profile: Cosmic ray intensity at the
Earth’s surface calculated from variations in the concentration of beryllium-10
in the ice record adjusted for changes in ice accumulation rate. Upper profile:
Global temperature. Climatic zones include: the present interglacial (1), last
ice age (stages 2, 3, & 4), previous semi-glaciated period (stage 5a-d),
last interglacial (stage 5e), and previous glaciation (stage 6).
[An
explanation of how this cosmic ray intensity profile was calculated from
published beryllium-10 data is presented in the update to Dr. LaViolette’s dissertation
and in the appendix of a paper preprint available for download.]
Figure
6 shows the position in the Galaxy of the 15,900 years before 2000 (b2k)
superwave when viewed at differing times following the time it passed through
the solar system.(5)
This elliptical shape of the event horizon is determined by the time it takes
the cosmic ray electrons to travel radially outward from the Galactic center at
the speed of light plus the time it takes the synchrotron radiation generated
by those cosmic ray electrons to reach us at the speed of light. As the
superwave expands outward through the galaxy with the passage of millennia, the
ellipticity of its event horizon progressively decreases. LaViolette found that
the cosmic ray intensity along this ellipsoidal event horizon shell fits the
galactic radio background distribution better than any other previous cosmic
ray model. He also found that supernova explosion dates coincided with times
when the superwave was passing the progenitor star’s location, suggesting that
superwaves trigger these explosions.
(5) This elliptical shape of the event horizon is determined by the time it takes the cosmic ray electrons to travel radially outward from the Galactic center at the speed of light plus the time it takes the synchrotron radiation generated by those cosmic ray electrons to reach us at the speed of light. As the superwave expands outward through the galaxy with the passage of millennia, the ellipticity of its event horizon progressively decreases. LaViolette found that the cosmic ray intensity along this ellipsoidal event horizon shell fits the galactic radio background distribution better than any other previous cosmic ray model. He also found that supernova explosion dates coincided with times when the superwave was passing the progenitor star’s location, suggesting that superwaves trigger these explosions.
The effects
on the Sun and on the Earth’s climate were not due to the superwave cosmic rays
themselves, but to the cosmic dust that these cosmic rays transported into the
solar system. Observations have shown that the solar system is presently
passing through a dense cloud of cosmic dust and frozen debris associated with
the North Polar Spur supernova remnant. This material is normally kept at bay
by the outward pressure of the solar wind. But, an impacting superwave cosmic
ray volley would have overpowered the solar wind and pushed large quantities of
this material into the interplanetary environment.
The Sun
would have become enveloped in a cocoon of dust that would have caused its
spectrum to shift toward the infrared. Radiation back scattered from this
cocoon would have caused the Sun’s corona and photosphere to inflate, somewhat
like that observed today in dust-choked stars called “T Tauri stars.”. In
addition, the dust grains filling the solar system would have back scattered
solar radiation onto the Earth, producing an “interplanetary hothouse effect”
that would have substantially increased the influx of solar radiation to the
Earth. These various solar effects caused atmospheric warming and inversion conditions
that facilitated glacial growth which brought on ice age conditions. On
occasions when the solar radiation influx to the Earth became particularly
high, the ice age climate warmed, initiating episodes of rapid glacial melting
and continental flooding.
Details of
this scenario are described in the book Earth
Under Fire,(12)
in Paul LaViolette’s Ph.D.
dissertation,(16)
as well as in a series of journal articles he has published.(6,
7, 13, 16, 18) LaViolette’s prediction that there is a residual flow
of interstellar dust currently entering the solar system from the Galactic
center direction was later verified by data collected from the Ulysses
spacecraft and by AMOR radar measurements made in New Zealand.(18)
For a listing of related theory predictions and their verification click here.
Artist’s conception of cosmic dust and gas present in the
near Earth environment during the time of a superwave passage. In addition, the
circumterrestrial dust cloud, not shown here, would have become particularly
congested with cosmic dust.
Artist’s conception of the circumstellar dust disc
surrounding a T Tauri star. Similar dust congestion would have been present in
our solar system during the time when the last superwave was passing us at the
end of the last ice age.
Research
suggests that the Sun was highly active between 16,000 and 11,000 years ago;
see dissertation excerpt Chapter 4.
LaViolette hypothesized that this extreme level of flaring activity resulted
because the Sun was accreting dust and gas from its dust congested surroundings
during this superwave “storm interval”. During this time the sun would have
emitted super-sized solar proton events (SPEs), intense volleys of solar cosmic
rays, and super coronal mass ejections (CMEs), immense spherical masses of
coronal plasma. These would have been large enough to have posed an extreme
hazard for life on Earth.
There is
evidence that one particularly tragic SPE impacted the Earth around 12,900
years ago, evidence of which is recorded in ocean sediments and polar ice as a
spike in both atmospheric C-14 and nitrate ion concentration, the largest to
occur during the entire Younger Dryas/Alleröd climatic period.(19)
This event happened to coincide with the termination boundary of the two
millennium-long Pleistocene mass extinction, beyond which one finds few
surviving Pleistocene mammals. This is believed to have been the worst animal
extinction episode to occur since the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million
years ago.
It is not
much of an inductive leap to conclude that these two events were causally
related. As LaViolette has shown, the 12,887 years b2k solar proton event would
have been able to deliver a lethal radiation dose to the Earth’s surface. Its
effects would have been particularly enhanced if, immediately prior to the
event, the Earth’s magnetic field had been weakened by the impact of major
coronal mass ejection. Solar cosmic rays in the CME plasma would have become
trapped in the geomagnetic field to form storm time radiation belts and the
ring current generated by these cosmic rays would have generated a strong
magnetic field opposed to the Earth’s field, substantially weakening its
intensity.(5,
12) For more about solar-induced geomagnetic excursions, see
dissertation excerpt Chapter
3 and Verified Prediction No. 10. A critique of the
Firestone-West supernova comet theory is presented in the paper “The cause of the
megafaunal extinction: Supernova or Galactic core outburst?”
The
extinction of the mammoths and other Pleistocene megafauna could have been
caused by the impact of a supersized solar proton event that may have produced
lethal radiation levels on the Earth’s surface.
Abrupt
climatic warming induced by elevated levels of solar radiation reaching the
Earth would have melted the surface of the ice sheets and caused perched
meltwater lakes to form on the ice sheet surface. A dam failure of one of these
lakes would have produced a meltwater avalanche that would have grown in size
as it traveled across the ice sheet and accumulated the contents of perched
lakes along its path. The result would have been a wave of meltwater reaching a
height of 500 meters or more and travelling forward at hundreds of kilometers
per hour. LaViolette coined the term glacier wave to refer to this phenomenon;(5)
see Verified
Prediction No. 12. The occurrence of global warmings during the Alleröd and
at the time of this 12,887 years b2k SPE/CME event would explain why many of
the extinct megafauna are found interred in flood deposits.
Artist’s conception of a small size
glacier wave
land tsunami overtaking a mammoth unawares.
Today,
tomorrow, next week, next year… sometime in the coming decades… our planet
could once again be hit by an intense volley of Galactic cosmic rays. It will
come cloaked and hidden from us, until the very moment it strikes. We live on
the edge of a galactic volcano. Knowing neither the time, the magnitude, nor
the severity of the next eruption or its impact on our environment, we stand
unprepared to deal with this event, much less anticipate its arrival.
Galactic Superwaves: Their
Effects on Life and Society
When cosmic
rays from Galactic superwaves impact the Earth’s atmosphere, they produce
“electron cascades.”
Each primary cosmic ray generates millions of secondary high energy electrons.
Many of these particles scatter upwards and become trapped by the Earth’s
magnetic field to form radiation belts similar to those created by high
altitude nuclear explosions. In just one day, a major Galactic superwave event
would inject into the geomagnetic field a particle energy equivalent to 1000
one-megaton hydrogen bomb explosions (1025 ergs). At this rate, the
energy delivered to the belts after one year would exceed 30,000 times the
energy received from the most powerful solar cosmic ray storms observed in
modern times.
Such
energized radiation belts could cause a global communications blackout by
creating radio static and by permanently damaging critical electronic
components of communication satellites. Air travel during such conditions would
be extremely hazardous. The resulting atmospheric ionization would destroy the
ozone layer, and increase skin cancer rates, due to high levels of UV reaching
the Earth’s surface; the cosmic ray particles penetrating to ground level would
significantly increase cell mutation rates.
Galactic
superwaves may also produce an intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP) whenever a
cosmic ray front happens to strike the Earth’s atmosphere. Galactic superwaves
such as those that arrived during the last ice age could have generated pulses
delivering tens of thousands of volts per meter in times as short as a
billionth of a second, comparable to the early-time EMP signal from a
high-altitude nuclear explosion (see Figure 7).
In addition,
there is the danger that a superwave could transport outlying cosmic dust into
the solar system which could seriously affect the Earth’s climate possibly
triggering a new ice age. Although there is a small probability that the next
superwave will be as catastrophic as the one at the end of the last ice age,
even the less intense, more frequent events would be quite hazardous for the
global economy.
Figure 7. Intensity
vs. time plot for EMP from a high-altitude nuclear explosion (solid line)
compared to that from a hypothetical superwave (dashed line). The numbers
designate early-time, intermediate-time, and late-time EMP phases (ns =
nanoseconds, µs = microseconds).
In March
2009, the U.S. National Research Council published a report entitled Severe
Space Weather Events: Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts; see also
March 2009 New
Scientist for a summary. It describes hazards to modern society
that could occur should we experience a large magnitude solar storm, similar to
the 1859 Carrington
event solar flare. Many of the adverse effects the report describes are the
same as those that would occur during the arrival of a superwave, even one of
relatively low magnitude. The four-second extragalactic gamma ray burst that
arrived in 1983, did have a measurable effect on radio transmissions used for
global navigation and communication.(20)
By comparison, the “minor” superwave events discussed above might have total
energies hundreds of millions of times greater than this.
Close up of coronal loops over a solar flare made with
the TRACE spacecraft in 2005 (courtesy of NASA/TRACE)
X-ray photo of the Sun showing solar flare hot spots
(courtesy of NASA/TRACE)
The
Frequency and Hazards of Minor Superwave Events
Galactic
Center activity occurs frequently between major superwave events. Astronomical
observation indicates that during the last 6,000 years, the Galactic center has
expelled 14 clouds of ionized gas.(21)
See Figure 8 for dates. These outbursts may have produced minor superwave
emissions with EMP effects comparable to those of major superwaves. About 80%
of these bursts took place within 500 hundred years of one another (Figure 9).
With the most recent outburst occurring 700 years ago, there is a high
probability of another one occurring in the near future.
Figure 8. History of
minor Galactic Center explosion activity during the past 6000 years;
approximate dates when radiation pulses arrived from the Galactic Center.
(These age estimates taken from Lacy et al. have been decreased by 70% to be
consistent with the value of 7 kiloparsecs for the estimated distance to the
center of the Galaxy.)
Figure 9. Amount of time between successive gas
expulsions from the Galactic center, plotted as a frequency histogram.
At present
little research is being done on this important astronomical phenomenon. Nor
are we prepared should a Galactic superwave suddenly arrive. International
channels of communication are not in place to deal with the disasters that a
superwave could bring upon us.
References
1.Burbridge,
G. R. et al. “Evidence for the occurrence of violent events in the nuclei of
galaxies.” Reviews of Modern
Physics 35 (1963): 947.
2.Burbidge,
G. R. et al. “Physics of compact nonthermal sources III. Energetic
considerations.” Astrophysical
Journal 193 (1974): 43.
3.Oort,
J. H. “The Galactic Center.” Annual
Reviews of Astronomy & Astrophysics 15 (1977): 295.
4.Ginzburg,
V. L., and Syrovatskii, S. I. The
Origin of Cosmic Rays. New York: Pergamon Press, 1964, p. 207.
6.LaViolette,
P. A. “The terminal Pleistocene cosmic event: Evidence for recent incursion of
nebular material into the Solar System.” Eos
64 (1983): 286. American Geophysical Union paper, Baltimore, Maryland.
8.Marshak,
et al. “Evidence for muon production by particles from Cygnus X-3,” Physical Review Letters 54
(1985): 2079.
9.Dingus,
B. L. et al. “High-energy pulsed emission from Hercules X-1 with anomalous
air-shower muon production.” Physical
Review Letters 61 (1988): 1906.
10.Schwarzschild,
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Disclaimer:
The synopsis of
the superwave theory presented here should not be regarded as a complete
presentation of this theory for the purpose of scientific debate on the
internet. Those interested in a rigorous presentation of the theory and its
supporting evidence should consult the update of Paul LaViolette’s Ph.D. dissertation (available
in CDROM format) and his various papers some of which are available for download at
this website. His book
Earth Under Fire is also a good resource but is written for a general
audience and is not intended as the primary reference to rely on for scientific
debate.
Disclaimer:
The synopsis of the superwave theory presented here should not be regarded as a
complete presentation of this theory for the purpose of scientific debate on
the internet.
Those
interested in a rigorous presentation of the theory and its supporting evidence
should consult the update of Paul LaViolette’s Ph.D.
dissertation (available in CDROM format) and his various papers some of
which are available for download
at this website. His book Earth Under Fire
is also a good resource but is written for a general audience and is not
intended as the primary reference to rely on for scientific debate.
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through ‘Older Posts’ at the end of each section
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