"All the World's a Stage We Pass Through" R. Ayana

Showing posts with label mescaline. Show all posts
Showing posts with label mescaline. Show all posts

Monday, 8 December 2014

Tripping the Light Fantastic: Drugs and Entheogens - What's the Difference?


Tripping the Light Fantastic
Drugs and Entheogens: What's the Difference?

 




The word Entheogen means God contained within and in some other translations it means to awaken the divine within, which is closer to the word Entheogenesis, describing the process of doing away with all that which is transient and impermanent, while allowing the unchanging aspect of our being to awaken to itself. An Entheogen is a compound that induces a spiritual or mystical experience. There have been many kinds of Entheogens or plant based psychoactive substances used by humans. However, there isn't much known about these plant medicines commonly, as a result of which humanity has long been exploited by psychological manipulation at the hands of the powers that be. Constant repetition of lies and negative propaganda seem to be working well on the sleeping masses, however with more information and awareness on these subjects things are quickly changing globally.

It is good to see great change manifesting when people join hands and come together against this regressive oppression and tyranny that act out through the various world governments, big greedy corporations and the Military Industrial Complex. One of the ways to beat the system is through creating more awareness ... by disseminating useful information, sharing knowledge ... speaking your truth and more importantly, living it ! We came across this brilliant source of information on various drugs and their effects on human consciousness and thought it must be shared here ...

In 2010 I was fortunate to be a presenter on the subject of entheogens at a fascinating conference in San Rafael, California, titled “Beyond the I… the end of the Seeker’. The conference organizers had recruited a remarkable collection of physicists, neuroscientists, consciousness researchers, and spiritual teachers, all with a common interest in what turned out to be the rather hazy subject of ‘Science and Non-Duality’. (I say that I was fortunate to present because I was also able to attend workshops and lectures with some of my personal heroes including the physicist/authors Peter Russell, Amit Goswami, NASA’s zero-point scientist Bernard Haisch, anesthesiologist Stuart Hammerhof on his and Roger Penrose’s theory of Quantum Consciousness, and a remarkable presentation by Nassim Haramein exclusively on his paper about the Schwarzschild Proton). The entheogen section of the conference — titled ‘Entheogens as a Portal’— was a panel comprising of Rick Doblin (MAPS), Dr. Martin Ball, James Fadimann, myself and a couple of other speakers (whose names I must confess I don’t remember) all who received 20 minutes to speak about entheogens and (I presumed) ‘non-duality’.

Since my normal presentation (which is mostly about my theory for a quantum nature for the transpersonal entheogenic experience that I outline in my book ‘Tryptamine Palace: 5-MeO DMT and the Sonoran Desert Toad’) takes at least an hour, and since I was considering ‘non-duality’ to be another way of describing the ‘classical’ mystical experience of ‘transpersonal Oneness’ that occurs with the complete dissolution of Ego and Identity (‘the loss of all opposites’), I decided to talk about a subject that I had been thinking about more recently, namely the correlation between the effect a ‘drug’ has on the Ego (one’s personal sense of ‘I’) and its relative toxicity.




So for this conference, rather than discussing my usual subject (the endogenous entheogens, DMT and 5-MeO-DMT), I decided to consider the broad spectrum of different ‘mood-enhancing’ compounds available, and rather than considering how each particular ‘drug’ affects our bodies or our ‘mental well-being’ as most scientific studies would, I would instead rank each drug on how it affected our sense of Ego, our sense of “I”. Since the total loss of Ego and the sense of “I” is the core of the transpersonal mystical experience (and I am an experiential-mystic at heart) I decided that I would assign each ’drug’ its own ‘Mystical Value’, with the ‘drugs’ that can induce the transpersonal state of total loss of Ego and Identity having the highest value (most value to an experiential mystic), while the ‘drugs’ that reinforced or inflated the sense of the Ego would have the lowest. After having ranked the various compounds (according to experiential reports in literature, EROWID, etc), it was interesting to note that the scale naturally descended by the chemical class of the compound—tryptamine, phenethylamine, opiates, amphetamines, alcohol— and that this corresponded to a noticeable increase in toxicity.

Here is how I ranked the various compounds, along with my personal commentary on the effects of the compound, its toxicity, and human history.

The Oroc Mystical Value Scale


The endogenous entheogens/ Simple tryptamines:

1. 5-Methoxy-DMT: Regularly capable of inducing a ‘classical’ mystical experience of transpersonal oneness with complete dissolution of Ego and Identity, even at dosages as low as 5 micrograms. Endogenous. Which means that it is naturally produced within our own bodies and thus 100% physically ‘non-toxic’. Also present in nature in the leaf, bark, and roots of trees, and in the venom of the Bufo Alvarius toad. 5-MeO-DMT has been used in South America in the forms of snuffs for an estimated 3000 years. 5-MeO-DMT’s modern use, first in the form of smoking toad venom, and then as synthesized 5-Meo-DMT, is approx 35 years old.


2. DMT (dimethyltryptamine): Capable of inducing a ‘classical’ mystical experience of transpersonal Oneness, with complete dissolution of Ego and Identity, mostly at high dosages, and in certain individuals. Endogenous. Found in the leaf, seeds, bark, and roots of plants, DMT has been used in South America as snuffs, and as the active alkaloid in ayahuasca, for more than 1500 years. These plant admixtures are regarded as sacred medicines amongst the Amazonian cultures from which they originate. After being discovered to be psychologically active by the Hungarian psychologist Stephan Szara in 1957, DMT was used by IM sporadically throughout the early 1960’s (most notably by William S Burroughs and Timothy Leary) before experiencing a brief burst of popularity in the late 1960’s (after the underground chemist Nick Sand discovered that the fumurate was smokable), before disappearing almost completely by the end of the 1970’s. The writings of Terence McKenna subsequently rekindled interest in the compound and its natural analogue ayahuasca, which combined with the unsubstantiated theories of Dr Rick Strassman presented in the more recent book DMT: The Spirit Molecule, has resulted in a significant modern mythology amongst the current psychedelic counter-culture.


The Complex Tryptamines:

https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8204/8156705241_f4f98b26d6_k.jpg3. LSD-25. (lysergic acid) Also a tryptamine, LSD is capable of inducing a ‘classical’ mystical experience of transpersonal Oneness, with complete dissolution of Ego and Identity, in high dosages, and in certain individuals. Synthetic, with close analogues found in nature. The Eleusinian mysteries—which could only be attended once in a lifetime—were considered the high point of Greek Society and ran for more than 2000 years, tremendously influencing Greek Philosophy and thus Western Thought. Kykeon, the entheogen at the heart of these mysteries, was most likely an LSD analogue produced from an ergot (grain) fungus. (The Temple at Eleusis was dedicated to Demeter, the Goddess of Wheat). LSD-like compounds have also been isolated from the Aztec ololiuqui (morning glory) seeds. Lysergic Acid –LSD 25, which captured the public imagination like no other entheogen in modern history during the late 1960’s and early 70’s– when an estimated 75 million people tried the drug – is the synthetic counterpart of these natural plant analogues. While the very high dosages (800+ micrograms) recommended by Leary, Metzner, and Alpert in ‘The Varieties of the Psychedelic Experience’ (1963) to induce a transpersonal-mystical experience ultimately proved to be more than most people liked to handle psychologically, LSD is physiologically one of the safest compounds known to man, since it requires the smallest known amount (1/10,000th of a gram) to be psychologically active, and is thus has an incredibly low toxicity to dosage. (You can ingest the same amount of cyanide, or even plutonium, and it will pass through your body without affecting you). Wikipedia reports a suspected fatal overdose (Kentucky, 1975) medical literature on LSD, which involved the IV injection of a ridiculously large amount of LSD (1/3rd of a gram … more than 3000 of today’s hits!) but notes ’most sources report that there are no known human cases of such an overdose’.

4. Psilocybin (4-OH-DMT). Can induce transpersonal-mystical experience in high dosage. Naturally occurring in some 200 mushroom species. The presumed entheogen in Terence McKenna’s ‘Stoned Ape’ theory. The least powerful of the tryptamines, psilocybin is of low toxicity although overdoses are reputedly possible on synthetic psilocybin, such as in the death of John Griggs, the leader of the notorious LSD-and-hashish cartel, The Brotherhood of Love, although none are reported on EROWID.



Ketamine/PCP


5. Ketamine/PCP: Capable of inducing a ‘classical’ mystical experience of transpersonal Oneness, with complete dissolution of Ego and Identity, mostly at high dosages, and in certain individuals. The only legal PCP analogue (estimated 5-10% the strength of PCP), Ketamine, which acts as a stimulant on the central nervous system, requires inclusion due to its impressive record for inducing mystical experiences in individuals (mostly by IM injection) and it could be argued that it deserves a higher ranking than the complex tryptamines. Since it is used as a medical anesthetic, it is considered physically very safe and overdoses are rare. While PCP was first synthesized in 1926, with an illegal street use that peaked in the mid-70’s, Ketamine’s illegal use as an entheogen (and increasingly as a party drug in small doses) is a relatively recent human development.


The Psychedelic-Phenethylamines:


6. Mescaline: Can induce transpersonal-mystical experience in high-dosages. Naturally occurring in various cactus species, mescaline is one of the oldest psychedelics known to man. The San Pedro cactus cults of Northern Peru are the longest known continuous shamanic tradition having existed for at least 3000 years, while there is evidence of peyote use in Mexico and North America dating back 5700 years. In these cultures, the mescaline-containing cacti were considered sacred medicine. Although very rare today, synthetic mescaline was the main subject of Aldous Huxley’s ‘The Doors of Perception’, which helped spark the 60’s psychedelic revolution. (Mescaline, Psilocybin, LSD, and DMT would be the 4 compounds listed in the introduction to Leary, Messner, and Alpert’s ‘The Psychedelic Experience’ in 1965.). Like most psychedelics, mescaline is physically non-toxic and non-addictive.


7. 2-CB, 2-CI: Structurally related to mescaline, both 2-CB and 2-CI can induce transpersonal-mystical experience in high-dosages. Synthetic phenethylamines, these are notoriously dose-sensitive and little is known about their toxicity, but due to the extremely low toxicity of mescaline and virtually all psychedelics, they can be assumed to be physically non-toxic and non-addictive. Both are creations of Alexander Shulgin (most famous for popularizing MDMA), which rose to popularity in the LSD drought of the early 21st century caused by the infamous Kansas Silo bust, proving once again that prohibition simply results in diversity.


FATAL OVERDOSE LINE

The Empathagenic-Phenethylamines:


8. MDA: (Sassafras). Empathogen. The original 1960’s ‘Love Drug’. As with all the compounds in this class, empathogens can decrease the effect of Ego by inducing love and compassion to others, weakening the sense of ‘I’. Empathogens also differ from psychedelic/entheogens in their acute toxicity, with deaths caused by cardiac arrest/brain hemorrhaging at a fatality rate of approx 2 in 100,000 users, approximately the same as the more popular (though less toxic) MDMA.

9. MDMA (Ecstasy). See MDA. Rediscovered and popularized by chemist Alexander Shulgin in the 1980’s, MDMA held great promise for psychiatry before becoming illegal in a wave of Federal paranoia. Currently being used in hospital trials in Israel, the organization MAPS (Multi-disciplinary Association of Psychedelic Sciences) wants to start clinical trials on returning soldiers with post-traumatic stress syndrome here in the USA


Other Popular Illegal Compounds:


10. THC (Cannabis or ‘marijuana’). Decreases the effect of the Ego by shifting perspective, often towards the humorous side. Relatively low toxicity, no possibility of physical overdose. While cannabis related crimes are the number one reason for incarceration in the USA, with over a million people in jail for its sale, distribution, production, or possession, there has never been a single death related to THC consumption itself.

11. Opiates/Heroin: Nullifies the Ego by negating all desire although not the sense of “I”. Highly physically addictive with regular fatal overdoses, heroin was involved in 213,118 Emergency Room (ED) visits in 2009. Meanwhile Oxycodon fatalities (OxyContin is a semi-synthetic opiod pain reliever derived from opium) have increased 66.7% over the last five years due to this pain-medicines relatively high toxicity. (14,459 in 2007 … 82,724 people died from FDA approved drugs in 2010.) ED visits involving nonmedical use of pharmaceuticals (either alone or in combination with another drug) increased 98.4 percent between 2004 and 2009, from 627,291 visits to 1,244,679. OxyContin sales currently exceed $4 billion per year.

12. Cocaine: The ultimate ‘Me’ drug. Physically and psychologically addictive. Highly toxic. A nervous-system stimulant, cocaine dependence (addiction) can result in cardiovascular and brain damage. The Greed Culture of the 1980’s that came only 15 years after the ‘Psychedelic Revolution’ can almost be epitomized by its reverence to cocaine, the most expensive drug that does the least for the shortest amount of time. In 2009 Cocaine and crack cocaine overdoses were responsible for over 400 000 ED room visits in US hospitals. While the first ‘cocaine epidemic’ in the USA was in the 1880’s, cocaine has greatly grown in popularity since the 1970’s, with the estimated U.S. cocaine market exceeding $70 billion in street value in 2005 – a greater revenue than a corporation such as Starbucks. The multi-billion dollar ‘War against Cocaine’ has been waged at the military level in foreign countries since the 1980’s with no noticeable affect on supply, while drug violence long the border of Mexico – mostly over the cocaine and methamphetamine trade – is killing more than 5000 people a year.

13. Methamphetamines. Physically and psychologically addictive. Highly toxic. The highly lucrative illegal underground market of the USA’s most-popular legal drug (Ritalin and Adderall are legal methamphetamines – the USA consumes 85% of the world’s prescription speed.) Sometimes called ‘white-trash cocaine’, methamphetamine abuse is reaching epidemic proportions at many levels of American society with over 93,000 ED room visits in 2009. Crack cocaine and methamphetamine addiction have long been associated with both forced and voluntary prostitution in every country that they appear in, while the violence associated with Mexican drug cartels fighting for control of a cocaine and methamphetamine market valued in excess of 50 billion dollars is currently responsible for over 15,000 fatalities a year.

( And finally, our Society’s chosen legal ‘inebrient’)

14. Alcohol: Considered a psychoactive depressant. Highly toxic and physically addictive. The United States Center for Disease Control estimates that medium to high consumption of alcohol leads to the death of approx 75,000 people a year in the USA. While the last three compounds on this chart – Cocaine, Methamphetamine, and Alcohol – are the only three compounds most likely to reinforce the Ego to the point of physical violence, alcohol is the one your most likely to do yourself physical harm on due to self-loathing. Alcohol is the most common extenuating factor for homicides, rapes, beatings, and suicides, not to mention vehicular fatalities. Alcohol is arguably the least sophisticated drug in both its production and its crude inebriating effects. The first alcoholic beverages can be traced back 9000 years to Neolithic times, which is why I like to call it our ‘stone-age drug’. Paradoxically, (or perhaps because of its ancient origins) alcohol it is the only 100% legal drug on this list in the vast majority of countries around the world.

My conclusion from ranking these various compounds by their unique ‘Mystical Value’ and comparing their relative toxicity can thus be expressed quite simply (as):

Oroc’s Law: The more a compound disrupts the Ego (the sense of ‘I’), the physically safer (less toxic) that compound will be, while the more a ‘drug’ reinforces and inflates the sense of Ego, the more physically harmful (toxic) that compound will be.

After my presentation a number of the enthusiastic audience asked me if I had ever written anything about this ‘Mystical Value Scale’ and I had to confess that I had not, but that some time in the future I would try to. But in all truth, I would probably have stored it away in the back drawers of my very messy mind had not the former ‘Chief Advisor on Drugs’ to the British Government published a very interesting report in the respected Lancet medical journal that was released just a month later (Nov 2010) and made world-wide news. In this report by the ‘Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs’, every common drug in British society was scored by a panel of social health experts on the harm it created including mental and physical damage, addiction, crime and costs to the economy and the community, thus basically ranking the public health effect of the various drugs. The maximum harm score was 100 and the minimum zero. When the results were tabulated, the most harmful drug was alcohol (72), then heroin (55), crack-cocaine (54), methamphetamines (33), cocaine (27), cannabis (20), ketamine (15), and MDMA (9), with LSD (7) and magic mushrooms (5) being ranked as the least harmful substances to British society! (Neither DMT or 5-MeO-DMT were on the list). The esteemed authors also wrote that ‘our findings lend support to the previous work in the UK and the Netherlands, confirming that the present drug classification systems have little relation to the evidence of harm.’

Based on this highly scientific report, my observation about the related toxicity of my Mystical Value scale would seem to have been validated, with those ‘drugs’ that most eradicate the effect of the Ego being deemed (by public health experts) the safest. Non-addictive and of low toxicity, psychedelic ‘drugs’ offer no threat to your physical health, and yet they are considered by our Society to be extremely ‘dangerous’ and are amongst the most illegal substances on the planet.

The word drug incidentally—which means (in this context, according to the Webster’s dictionary) ‘a chemical substance which enhances physical or mental well-being’— is a ridiculously misleading and almost meaningless word if you think about it, since nearly everything we eat and drink can be considered a drug. Nitrous oxide, a gas, is a drug. Coffee, tea, sugar, and chocolate are all drugs. Even McDonalds french-fries under this broad definition could be considered a (highly addictive) drug. Now, as much as I love chocolate, coffee, and even — I hate to admit it — the occasional McDonalds French-fry, I see little purpose in comparing them in any way, shape, or form, to LSD, DMT, or 5-MeO-DMT, which are far more likely to completely change your consensual reality then they are ‘enhance your physical or mental well-being’. But the very use of a word/term as broad as ‘drugs’ (drug law, drug war, illegal drugs, dangerous drugs etc’) to describe and legally regulate (DEA) such a ridiculously broad range of compounds is in it’s self a verbal smokescreen designed to help limit the distinctly society-changing possibilities of psychedelic-entheogens.

If I may diverge for a moment, it is my personal opinion that the ‘first’ psychedelic revolution in the United States (1963 – Saturday 6th December 1969) ‘failed’ ultimately due to the mass influx of a variety of distinctly non-psychedelic ‘drugs’ into the chaotic and highly exploratory youth culture of that time. Psychedelics when used in high-dosages have proven to be safest when used in a thoughtful and controlled ‘set-and-setting’, but as the Youth revolution took hold many teenagers were exposed to super-powerful entheogens like LSD-25 and STP (DOM) in what can only be described as a cavalier and Dionysian manner. Considering the fact that an average hit of LSD in 1968 (400-500mg) was 5 times stronger than a hit of street acid (80 to 100mg) today, and that first-timers LSD users were frequently encouraged to take two hits if they wanted to see Tim Leary’s promised ‘white light’, with little thought to their ‘set-and setting’, then it is easy to see how a large number of young hippies feared acid as much as others revered it. (You still witness this same phenomena today … many of the 20 something’s that I talk to at festivals seem to love DMT but are terrified of LSD having already experienced a trip too long and arduous for them … and they probably ate a quarter of what their parents did for their first time in the 60’s!). This tendency to push all experiences to the limit (‘the Prankster ethic’) opened the backdoor for the more seductive and much easier rides of first heroin, and then cocaine. (Which when it was first introduced was not thought to be addictive.)

Disregarding the potential (and well-documented role) that the CIA played in the introduction and distribution of virtually all the illegal drugs that became available, by failing to recognize the essential difference of psychedelics/entheogens—that they are best used carefully in a sacred manner with trusted guides and not wildly in recreation amongst crowds of strangers—and then by lumping the wide-variety of compounds that followed into a singular ‘Drug Culture’ that fails to distinguish between the wide variety of experiences that this vast family of so-called ‘drugs’ can produce, the Alternative culture that had been inspired by psychedelics and the chance for change, ended up settling for uppers-and-downers and the Status Quo, as heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines became the most popular ‘illegal drugs’ of the last thirty years of the 20th century. (And the use and abuse of legal ‘
prescription drugs’ sky rocketed).

 https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8081/8303098571_b87f6d74f2_b.jpg

It is interesting now —with more than 40 years perspective— to realize the fact that our Society’s so-called ‘Drug Culture’ has increasingly turned away from the 60’s psychedelic ethos of the mystical destruction of the Ego (and consequently the social structures that the Ego creates) towards a range of compounds that actually reinforce the concept of the Ego (and thus maintain the existing social structures that Ego has built). It could be argued that the last thirty years of the twentieth century that came after the failed psychedelic revolution of the 1960’s were the most egocentric years in human history, as television and a global communication network have relentlessly promoted the cult of the Ego as the highest human ideal to the post Vietnam generations of techno-capitalists, with the constant accumulation of individual wealth and power seen as a Darwinian function inherited from our hunter-gatherer days. This obsession with the role of the Individual has resulted in 5% of the world’s population now controlling 50% of its wealth, as multi-national corporations controlled by a handful of families continue to strip the globe of its resources to line the pockets of shareholders and board members in those industrialized nations whose military are effectively the World Law, a treacherous and seemingly unstoppable situation that is threatening life on this planet as the military-industrial complex lurches increasingly erratically through the last of its days. The cult of the Individual Ego has now grown so predominant, we have a societal case of what I call ‘extinction denial’ where the fate of the individual has become paramount, best expressed in the concept ‘You better get yours while you can.’

A radical reassessment of the effect of capitalism and consumerism on both the human condition and our planet is clearly required, but what can bring about a change in a viewpoint that has been steadily being programmed into us by the very technology whose reckless use we need to reassess? According to the Dalai Lama ‘achieving genuine happiness may require bringing about a transformation in your outlook, in your way of thinking, and this is not a simple matter’ and I believe this applies to us as much as a Society as it does to each of us individually. But what can any of us really do other than reorganize deck chairs on the Titanic? What action can actually have a chance of bringing about a fundamental transformation in the way Humanity perceives and values Life on this planet?

In July of 2003 when first introduced to the super-entheogen 5-MeO-DMT, I underwent what I now believe to be a ‘classical’ mystical experience of transpersonal unity with the Source of Being. This event had a profound effect upon my world-view since I found myself changed from an agnostic scientific-rationalist to believing in the existence of a God far greater than I could have ever imagined, all in the space of a single 40 minute drug-induced ‘trip’. The result for my subsequent search for answers on how such a radical transformation could have occurred is contained in my book “Tryptamine Palace: 5-MeO-DMT and the Sonoran Desert Toad.” (Park Street Press, 2009), and within the pages of that book I make the claim that this discovery of a spiritual element to the Universe, and the realization that God not only CAN exist but exists —as the mystics have always insisted—as a part of you, is the most exciting realization that a human being can make. More than eight years have now past since I myself made that unexpected discovery, and while I still agree that is ultimately the most exciting discovery possible, I must concede it is not always the most practical, a dilemma that mystics have known and have suffered for since the beginning of time. The personal discovery of God—any kind of God or Buddha-State, for they are all streams of the same Cosmic river—can never be ‘scientifically’ proven and inevitably any entheogenic realizations or enlightenment can only offer the same proofs as any other ‘spiritual’ system … the sticky dual-problem of personal testimony and ‘faith’.

I have however come to realize that while entheogens can never ‘prove’ the existence of God (rather one can only ‘experience’ God-Consciousness through the use of them and thus form your own opinion), true-entheogens can be used as the most powerful tools of exploration available for investigating some of the most perplexing philosophical questions that humanity has managed to conceive, especially those concerning the role and reality of Consciousness, and its human-shadow, the Ego. As our Society and technology begins to progress beyond the Newtonian-Darwinian paradigm, we are coming to scientifically realize that nothing in the Universe exists as an individual point in space-and-time, since the emerging quantum view of the Universe states that all things are linked and connected thru a matrix of fields of energy that far surpass the energy of physical matter, matter is merely the froth on the wave of reality if you like, while our consciousness, the vehicle of this discovery, far from being an accidental by-product of chemical reactions produced within the matter of the brain as purported by the old paradigm, increasingly seems to be a part of an infinite field of consciousness that both permeates, and creates, the Universe itself. I can also personally testify that thru the use of entheogens one can actually experience a moment outside of time and space as pure Consciousness, with no idea or memory of who you are or where you came from, and in that instant the realization arises of the interconnectedness of all things, that all is truly One—the transpersonal experience as Stanislav Grof calls it—and that this is quite possibly the most profound human experience available, a speculation that the recorded history of all varieties of mysticism would seem to support.

Which brings about the about the very interesting possibility—as suggested by the psychologist Julian Jaynes in his increasingly influential book ‘The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind’—that the modern highly-individualized human Ego that has been so venerated in the 19th and 20th centuries may be a comparatively recent development in both human history (and perhaps the history of the Universe), and that ‘the voice in our head’ that we now all constantly hear, a few thousand years ago would only arise only in times of severe crisis and danger. (And was often thought to be the voice of the Gods). The non-denominational spiritual teacher Eckhart Tolle in his modern classic ‘A New Earth’ argues that our highly refined sense of ‘I’ has come from the development of our technology-driven Society, since the narrowing of our mental focus away from the transpersonal has allowed us to develop our fantastic technology, but at the expense of disconnecting us with another deeper layer of consciousness that we share with all other things in the Universe. We can no longer see the woods for the trees so to speak, as we have become prisoners of our own inflated sense of self.

As our scientists start to discover the outer realms of Quantum Consciousness, and our psychologists and spiritual masters begin to return our attention to the idea of a Cosmic or Absolute Consciousness that both unites and transcends all religion, with the role that the Individual Ego plays in our Society coming under increasingly critical scrutiny, then it would seem clear the lesson that the careful use of entheogens can teach virtually any of us. It is a scientifically verifiable fact that entheogenic compounds can cause a human ego to be disrupted or even momentarily wiped away, and that when this happens, to paraphrase the poetic words of William Blake, the doors of perception are cleansed, and all things appear to man as they are, Infinite. Throughout the recorded history of Humanity there has been no experience considered more profound or more valuable then the singular realization that All is indeed One, and now as the scientists have begun to catch up with the mystics on realizing the simple undeniable fact that all systems are linked, and that the very idea of the ‘sacredness of the individual’ is somewhat absurd, we now need to reform our governments, our religions, our financial institutions, our schools, and most importantly ourselves, to this fundamental Universal Truth.

In a world where we have been programmed by the constant sounds and flashy moving images of our rapidly developing modern technology since we have been born, the ancient schools of meditation and contemplation have had little chance to reform the Ego or the society that our love of technology—the human child of the Ego—has built for us, since we have long since forgotten that the death of the Ego is a desirable goal. Deepak Chopra once wrote that synchronicity is the universe showing its intention, and therefore I do not find it strange that mescaline was first synthesized the year that Röntgen discovered radiation, or that Albert Hofmann had a strange dream to reinvestigate a compound that he had put on a shelf many years earlier, thereby instigating a chain of events that would cause him to discover LSD-25’s remarkable psychoactive qualities while the Manhattan Project was months away from igniting the world’s first atomic bomb, arguably humanity’s most egocentric invention. Lysergic Acid (LSD) is a remarkable 20th century invention in the fact that it is the only entheogen that a competent chemist can make a million hits of in an afternoon, and its mass-production qualities (for a mass-production society) should not be under-valued, since it has been responsible for reintroducing the mystical/shamanic concept of the death-and-rebirth of the Ego into our Society at a time when it is most desperately needed. An entheogenic moment outside of space of time can cause a lifetime of egocentric programming to come tumbling down like a house of cards, an illumination almost impossible to ignore, and it is for exactly this reason that our Governments so fear them. If we build the foundations of the Entheogenic Revolution —the 2nd Psychedelic Revolution— upon the basis of a constant awareness of the influence of the Ego, and seek out a deeper connection with the Mind of the Universe that we all share in a process of ‘liberation theology’, then we have a chance to rebuild our tribes into a true World Family that will find a way through the troubling times to come. For if there is one thing that is for sure, it is that none of us will make it alone.

— James Oroc


Reference : DMT Site


From Psychedelic Adventure @ http://www.psychedelicadventure.net/2014/07/drugs-entheogens-whats-difference.html

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Thursday, 27 November 2014

Who’s Tripping Who? Did Psychedelic Plants Domesticate Us?


Who’s Tripping Who?
Did Psychedelic Plants Domesticate Us?








Humankind has had a profound impact on the ecology of the planet since our rise to dominance, becoming masters in shaping the world around us and bending nature to our whims. Many plants and fungi have grown strong associations with our species. Although unable to move, plants have managed to exploit animals into pollinating them and spreading their genes far and wide. Animals are again exploited in the movement of plant seeds and fungal spores, so as to spread their influence further. When Man enters this picture, things become yet more complex.

Through our long term association with plants and fungi, we have discovered a vast array of species we consider valuable for a multitude of different reasons; as foods, building materials, medicines, poisons and intoxicants. Any species we deem to be of value have tended to benefit in our association with us, by our spreading them far beyond what their range would otherwise be, and often by our manipulation of the surrounding ecology to provide them with optimal habitat while markedly reducing their competition with species we find less favourable.

Grasses have done very well through their association with Man. The domestication of grasses such as rice, wheat, oats and maize lies at the foundation of human civilization around the world. These plants, in effect, domesticated us by causing us to largely reject a hunter-gatherer existence in favour of a more sedentary, agricultural based life, and allowed higher numbers of people to live within closer proximity to each other than they could before. We have chopped down forests and altered our surrounding ecology to an incredible degree to provide habitat for our favoured grasses at the expense of many other species that share the biosphere. These grasses included the species grown for food, as well as grass pastures which sustain our livestock. From these grassy habitats have emerged some powerful and important psychedelic fungi.

The liberty cap (Psilocybe semilanceata) is a species that is widespread in temperate parts of the world. It is one of the more common and most potent of psilocybin mushrooms known. The fungus is saprobic, the mycelium feeding on decaying grass roots. The grass habitat within which this species thrives has done very well due to human influence, and open grassland is a great deal more common than it otherwise would be. Furthermore, the species thrives in nitrogen rich pastureland fertilised with dung, although it is not directly associated with dung. Thus our manipulation of our ecology in this manner has vastly increased suitable habitat for this species, while at the same time increasing the likelihood of human encounters with it.

Psilocybe mexicana, an important species to the Aztecs and the Mazatec also appears to favour human made habitats, such as along trails and roads, and in meadows and cornfields, and in grassy areas bordering deciduous woodland. The species Psilocybe cubensis has spread so widely around the world in tropical and subtropical regions that it isn’t entirely clear where its original native range is. Due to its coprophilic or dung loving nature it has done very well following our domestication of a number of bovine species, and is widespread in subtropical and tropical pastures all over the world. The coprophilic and highly potent Panaeolus mushroom genus has also benefitted through our actions.

LSD is a semi synthetic derivative of alkaloids from the fungus ergot (Claviceps purpurea). Like P. semilanceata, C. purpurea is another species that lives in close association with grasses and has done very well via our actions on the environment. The grasses in question are this time arable instead of pastoral, with the fungus being a parasite on the ears of cereals such as rye and related plants. Man has known of ergot for some time, and cases of ergot poisonings were common in the Middle Ages.

It is unlikely that the invention and discovery of the very powerful psychedelic compound LSD would have occurred were it not for our domestication of grasses and manipulation of our surrounding ecology.

Some grasses themselves are known to be potent psychedelics. Phalaris is a widespread group of grasses and some species such as P. aquatica, P. brachystachys and P. arundinacea have been found to contain high levels of tryptamine psychedelics such as DMT and 5-MeO-DMT. They have found use in ayahuasca analogue concoctions by intrepid psychonauts in recent times. Phalaris species such as P. aquatica and P. arundinacea have also been found to be highly invasive species in some parts of the world, thriving in disturbed areas, and members of this group have certainly benefitted through Man’s actions on the biosphere.

Visionary fungi have benefitted markedly through our association with trees. The fly agaric Amanita muscaria lives in symbiotic association with pine trees, and through our actions with forestry has spread to many parts of the world unintentionally, and should be considered a cosmopolitan species (Geml et al. 2006). The wood loving Psilocybes such as P. cyanescens and P. azurescens are among the most potent psilocybin-containing mushrooms and have also benefitted markedly through our actions manipulating our surrounding ecology. These species would have occupied highly specialised niches previously, but due to actions of forestry and the ability of their spores to travel far and wide, they have benefited vastly via spreading through wood chips.

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Thus, on a global scale, our species’ modification of our surrounding ecosystems can be seen as increasing both habitat and the likelihood of encounters with these psychedelic fungi. It is interesting that these species have the ability to greatly and reliably enhance ecological awareness and aesthetic appreciation in humans that consume them, and tend to proliferate in ecologically disturbed areas.

Furthermore, the cultivation of Psilocybes around the world and deliberate seeding of wood chips with psilocybe mycelium has only assisted in their spread. Mycologist Paul Stamets has referred to the wood loving Psilocybes as anthropophilic in nature, but this description applies to all the species discussed here to some degree. So what may have evolved as some kind of defensive compound inferring evolutionary advantages on the fungal species in question seems to have further evolutionary benefits once Man enters the picture.

Other visionary plants have benefitted from us in a global sense. Syrian rue, cannabis and tobacco are all ruderal plants, thriving on disturbed ground and areas associated with human activity. The species Acacia confusa, known as the rainbow tree, has one of the highest DMT concentrations yet reported in a plant; with the highest concentrations occurring in the root bark, like iboga. It has become invasive on Hawaii (Luken & Thieret 1996), supplanting the native Acacia, on an island with a long history of ecological disturbance that was ignited following the arrival of Man to the islands and continues to unfold.

Elsewhere in the tropics, the ayahuasca vine Banisteriopsis caapi has been reported as a feral species, and has spread its tendrils of influence far beyond its Amazonian home. Thus its alliance with Mankind may have assured its long term survival on the planet. Its increasing use by urban sects of the Santo Daime Church allow people a deep contact with Nature even while being largely cut off from it.

Psychedelic plants and fungi, for the most part, have done well having developed a relationship with humans, and it could be argued in some cases that there is a kind of symbiosis going on, especially if you look at it from the ecosystem level. In a more localised sense, association with these plants may have conferred and continue to confer a slight evolutionary advantage to indigenous people that use them.

https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5605/15436883029_8b302ea1fe_b.jpgThe alkaloids in ayahuasca, iboga and peyote have both been reported to have antibiotic effects, and both of the latter two plants are used in small doses by indigenous people in different parts of the world to reduce the effects of thirst, hunger and fatigue, and this may be of benefit while hunting. With this positive association come collateral effects for the plants; ayahuasca vines are planted near human habitation, iboga is widely planted at Bwiti temples. While Peyote has become more restricted in range due to over exploitation, this is no fault of the traditional and sustainable Huichol and Tarahumara Indian harvesting methods, which emphasise the importance of cutting the plant above the root stock, which allows it to regrow.

Man’s observations of animal species have also affected his interactions with psychoactive plants. Reindeer are well documented having a profound fondness for the fly agaric mushroom A. muscaria, and that they can be round up using this fungus, and will consume it until they take on a state resembling a trance (Wasson 1972).

Goats have a fondness for khat (Catha edulis), and coffee beans (Coffea arabica) and deer have been reported as having a fondness for consuming Cannabis and have had a long association with Peyote in Huichol Indian mythology. In a similar vein, the Bwiti credit the forest people of Gabon with the discovery of iboga, who in turn credit the discovery to their observations of warthog, porcupine and gorillas feeding on the roots of the plant (Barabe 1982). The forest people were happy to share their knowledge of iboga and its special properties with neighbouring tribes such as the Apindji and Mitsogho, as it was a seen as a way of reducing inter tribal warfare.

Animals are deeply embedded in the ancient folklore of the discovery of this and other psychedelic plants, and they are known to self medicate with plants; chimpanzee’s have been observed consuming plants to treat themselves with parasite infections; with the same plant Vernonia amygdalina, the bitter-leaf tree, being used by local indigenous people for the same purpose, and baboons have been observed eating small amounts of Datura inoxia and Datura stramonium.

The purpose of some active plant compounds seems clear. For example, tobacco plants have evolved nicotine as it acts in a powerful way on the nervous systems of insects that feed on it, acting as a potent insecticide. However a number of plants and fungi, and some animal species, can produce psychoactive compounds capable of exerting powerful effects on human consciousness. Precisely why these particular organisms have evolved these compounds is somewhat more mysterious.

Some of these compounds do appear to have antibiotic, as well as antifungal and antiviral effects and so may confer broad spectrum immune resistance. Indeed some of these plants are ingested for these effects alone, and ayahuasca has a long documented history of being used to remove gut parasites by indigenous Amazonian people. There is evidence that some plants produce more of these compounds when stressed but the presence of these alkaloids does not always prevent them from being consumed.

Mysteries remain regarding exactly why these plants and fungi have evolved production of these alkaloids and exactly what advantages their presence confers. Clearly they are of use to the species in question as evolution doesn’t tolerate wasting of energy and resources, and these agents certainly cost their respective species their precious life energy to produce. Ibogaine, the dominant alkaloid active in Tabernanthe iboga, is a highly complex molecule and a difficult and expensive compound to synthesise from scratch in a lab, and it appears much simpler to allow nature to do the job.

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The plot thickens and the mystery deepens when looking at ayahuasca and the DMT containing plants. The ayahuasca vine (B. caapi) is a rich source of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, in the form of Beta-carboline compounds. Some of these closely resemble endogenous human compounds such as pinoline. At high doses B. caapi can induce psychedelic effects. However it is the synergy with the DMT containing plants chacruna (Psychotria viridis) and chaliponga (Diplopterys cabrerana) where an amazing feat of plant alchemy takes place. The MAOI’s present in the vine allow DMT that would otherwise be rapidly broken down by the enzymes they inhibit to pass into the blood stream and cross the blood brain barrier. Furthermore, one of the most ancient of human technologies, fire, is employed for cooking up the brews to release the active alkaloids from the plant material and prepare this as a tea for drinking.

The standard anthropological theory of how the indigenous people in Amazonia discovered the powerful synergistic visionary effects when combining the plants is that it was via trial and error of different species they encountered in their environment. This however is not a view shared by the people in question, claiming that their knowledge came directly from “the plant teachers” (Luna 1984) of the synergy of combining the two species of plant. Amazonia is one of the most biodiverse parts of the world, with many thousands of plant species, and many different tribes across Amazonia have made this discovery, suggesting that there may be something more than trial and error at work.

Ayahuasca itself has been seen as an agent that transcends this system of trial and error. According to Kaxinawá legend, it was an ayahuasca experience that bestowed upon them knowledge of the kambo medicine. A shaman was attempting to heal his tribe and he had exhausted other remedies from the forest that were available to him. So he took ayahuasca as a last resort to seek advice on how to help his people. The ayahuasca showed him a vision of the monkey tree frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor) and gave him advice on how to use its venom secretions to heal.

DMT is a simple molecule closely related to serotonin and derived from the amino acid tryptophan which is very widespread and abundant in the natural world and the compound has been detected in a number of species, including humans, and appears to be highly abundant and widespread in the botanical realm. Interestingly the precise role it plays in humans and other species remains unknown. It seems that the enzymes responsible for its synthesis are ancient and shared by many different species, so DMT can act as a common biochemical denominator that can transcend species across the biosphere. This emphasises on a tangible, biochemical level that we are all interconnected and interrelated. With the MAOI’s and DMT, plants have found a way to powerfully hack into the nervous systems of other species. DMT has recently been found to be present in the pineal glands of live rats (Strassman et al. 2013), and there may also be evidence for its in situ synthesis there.

The pineal gland is an extremely ancient evolutionary development in vertebrate brains, and is present in all but the most primitive vertebrates and a few evolutionary exceptions. The rodent and primate lineages only parted on the evolutionary tree of life around 70 million years ago, which in terms of evolutionary time on this planet, all of 3.7 billion years, isn’t that long. Rodents make excellent model animals due to the profound biochemical and physiological similarities in which their cells function compared to us. Thus DMT is very likely present in our and many other species’ pineal glands, although its physiological role remains shrouded in mystery.

The psychedelic plants, fungi and animals that are a part of the biosphere may have some extremely valuable lessons and insights relating to life on this planet, and our species would be foolish to disregard these agents. We are currently in the midst of the sixth global mass extinction, which is down purely to our actions on the biosphere, never before in Earth’s history has a single species wielded such terrible power over all over life. With the destruction of the natural world and the rainforest we are continuously losing species, some of which may have highly valuable properties, but will be lost forever.

Man would be wise to broaden its cognitive horizons and pursue any avenues that allow for a more tangible, all encompassing view of the natural world, and our part in it. Human exploration by way of these transformative agents may be highly valuable in instilling in us these values, and this will be of benefit to ourselves, all life, and our long term future on this planet.


Notes

https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3683/12401177414_b3c54471f6_k.jpg Barabe, P. The Religion of Iboga or the Bwiti of the Fangs. Medicina Tropical. 12. (1982): 251-257.

Geml, Jzsef; Laursen, Garry A.; ONeill, K.; Nusbaum, C. & Taylor, D. Lee. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular Ecology. 15. (2006): 225-239.

Luken, James O. & Thieret, John W. Amur honeysuckle, its fall from grace. Bioscience. 46. (1996): 18-24.

Luna, Luis E. “The concept of plants as teachers among four mestizo shamans of Iquitos, northeast Peru.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 11.(1984): 135-156.

Strassman, Rick; Barker, Stephen A. & Stone, Andrew C. DMT Found in the Pineal Gland of Live Rats. Biomedical Chromatography (forthcoming; 2013).

Wasson, Gordon R. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality, p. 238. Harcourt, 1972.

Top Image by L’Orso Sul Monociclo, courtesy of Creative Commons licensing. 


From Reality Sandwich @ http://realitysandwich.com/221786/whos-tripping-who/


For more information about psychedelics see http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/entheogens
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