new illuminati: ice age civilisations

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Saturday, 19 March 2016

Alignment of Pyramids to Former North Poles

There are many ancient temples and pyramids aligned to the current North Pole. Of the 228 selected structures 43 of them are exactly aligned to the current North Pole. How coincidental is that?

Alignment of Ancient Structures to Current North Pole

Tiwanaku is aligned to the current North Pole under an angle of 359.8 degrees. There's much debate about Tiwanaku and who built it.

Why Temples and Pyramids Are Aligned

There are many ancient structures, like pyramids and temples, around the world positioned in such a way that their footprint points precisely to the current North pole.

The majority of the temples and pyramids were built in the middle of nowhere.

Now what would you do when you've all the space to position a pyramid?

Unless you've no idea what you're doing, there's only one logical answer to that question - you would align it to the geographical poles. Why?

When you want to study and predict solar cycles, moon cycles, solar eclipses, equinoxes, earth's motions (obliquity, precession, eccentricity of orbit), or any other phenomenon in the sky, you must point your instrument to the only sure point - the rotation axis of the earth. Which is the geographical North pole. If you don't do that you will introduce another variable into the equations, which makes them unsolvable.

But besides this, it also appeared that many other structures of importance are aligned to the geographical North pole without a clear reason. Pure symmetry between sunrise and sunset might have been one of the reasons.

This article is probably difficult for many readers. When you're able to work your way through it, you might become aware how wrong our history is taught to us.

How Mathematics Proves Our History is Wrongly Interpreted

What does it mean when the majority of the pyramids and temples are not pointing to the current North Pole? How likely is it then that they were pointed to former North Poles? This can be sorted out by using the power of mathematics.

In this series of articles I will prove that the former North pole was on Greenland. The structures that are aligned to this former pole are therefore older than assumed by archaeologists.

Why?

Because these pyramids from all over the world were collectively pointing to another location. What else can that be than another pole? And how long ago could that have been? It won't be easy to argue against this conclusion. Some will try to ridicule it, but it will be much harder to refute it. Unless you're able to prove that the mathematics that is used here, combined with the approach, is wrong.

The claim is extraordinary, the proof is extraordinary as well.

How Two Separate Bearings Can Intersect With Each other

Two boats sailing a steady course will intersect at a certain point. We can calculate this intersection point. The same principle counts for pyramid alignments.

Belief is Strong

Belief is strong. We believe that the history as it is taught to us is correct. Even when mathematics proves it is wrong, we tend to keep believing that the history as it is pounded in our brains is correct.

This is what we might call conditioning. A conditioned mind has troubles to interpret outcomes of mathematics that deviates from our believes. No matter how solid the prove is, we tend to fall back into our old believe of the trusty old thing. To get used to another idea takes time.

At first hand I intended to publish a book, for which people would have to pay money to purchase it. But after some thinking I decided it would be better to give all knowledge and data away for free, for everyone available who has access to internet, including all the data. Some parts of the data are available via Mediafire. You will find the links below. More data links and research results will follow during the course of this series of articles.

Advised to Read First Before Continuing

Why is Greenland Covered in Ice?
Greenland is covered in ice and no one knows why. Science has explanations, but they are absurd and unscientific. The most rational explanation is explored in this article which is part of a larger series.

How Old Are Pyramids Around the World?
Determining the age of a pyramid is not as easy as it seems. Stones cannot be dated in any way to determine the age of the structure. The most common way is to date artefacts found in pyramids.

How Two Pyramids Pointing North Intersect

When two pyramids are pointing North, we can be sure they belong to the same time frame. We now know that this time frame is our current crustal position.

Borobudur is probably the most accurate aligned temple in the world, aligned under an angle 359.99 to the current North pole, which is an amazing achievement.

Temples and Pyramids Exactly Aligned to the Current North Pole

Lintong +12 other structures in China (pink line)
Borobudur on Central Java (dark blue line)
Angkor Wat +12 other structures in Cambodia (yellow line)
Konark Sun Temple in India (orange line)
Sri Rangam temple +1 other structure in India (red line)
Harappa in Pakistan (green line)
Bar'am +2 other structures in Israel (white line)
Giza in Egypt (green line)
Tiwanaku in Bolivia (purple line)
Naranjo in Quatemala +3 other structures in Mexico (light blue line)

Total: 43 of 228 (including 3 additional ones in the database)

The question is: How likely is it that 43 of the random selected 228 ancient structures cross an area on the North Pole within a certain radius?

Angkor Wat is aligned within 0.2 degrees to the current North pole.

Don't Pick Just Some Buildings

When you want to prove a theory of this magnitude, it makes no sense to pick just some structures. No, the structures you must pick must be monumental, big, ancient, and perhaps religious of nature. Don't pick just some random buildings, like the Notre Dame in Paris or some other cathedral somewhere.

But did you know that the Vatican is almost perfectly East-West aligned, and therefore to the current North pole? Whatever the reason was, it seemed important enough to align it this way in the middle of a crowded metropolis. The Vatican isn't on the list however. It's much too young.

Picking just some church in the middle of a town, proves nothing. The location of the sun and stars didn't matter for them, let alone the North pole. The church had to be fitted in the spatial possibilities of the city at that time.

The criteria of the ancient sites:

ancient
square or rectangular,
the larger the better (= of more importance),
preferably isolated (= not influenced in alignment),
alignment is measurable.

Seemingly Criss-Cross Aligned

During the research there were a few alignment clusters found. Alignment clusters are a first indication of a possible former pole.

Some sites in Mexico comprise a large collection of pyramids that are criss-cross aligned as if they were just dumped down there.

But the chance that a few structures on one site cross other alignment cluster(s) is very, very small. It's almost zero. But if that occurs, it means it was not accidental. It was engineered.

These sites can be interpreted as sites that were rebuild after a catastrophe - a crustal shift. These structures can tell us an interesting story what might have happened in the past.

Measuring the alignment of a pyramid is never 100% accurate. You have to deal with a certain error.

The Accuracy of Measurement

We know where the current geographical North Pole is.

So, we can measure in Google Earth the angle under which structures were constructed in relation to the geo pole. We can at least verify the accuracy of our measurements.

Archaeologists think they have verified things, but the fact is they're completely groping in the dark, without even being aware of it.

The first thing you need to know is how accurately a structure can be measured in Google Earth.

Take for example the Great pyramid of Giza. We know it is perfectly aligned to the geo pole (within ±0.05°). So, we can verify our framework on this.

Experimental measurements on different parts of Giza showed that the average accuracy of measurement of Giza in Google Earth resulted in an error of ±0.20°. The pyramids of Giza are relatively easy to measure; the satellite photos are sharp and the bases of the pyramids are relatively clear.

Choosing the Error of Measurement

There are structures that are harder to measure accurately, because the satellite footage is blurry, or the angle under which the objects were photographed was not vertically (the baseline is then the most safe area to measure).

For some of these sites archaeological maps with a North arrow indicator were used as a cross reference to verify the outcomes of the measurement in Google Earth.

Experiments with measurements in Google Earth compared to maps of ancient sites showed a standard deviation of:

σ=68.2%: ±0.66° = ±0.7°
2σ=95.4%: ±1.33°= ±1.3°
3σ=99.7%: ±1.97°= ±2.0°

3σ (99.7%) was accepted as reliable enough for the calculations: ±2.0°. This also includes the error of measurement. Although Giza could be measured much more exact, only ±2.0° (total angle is 4.0°) was accepted as the standard accuracy for the whole project, and that counted for Giza as well.

Accumulation of errors can result in disasters.

Accumulation of Errors

When we intend to find former geographical poles, we have to be aware of a possible accumulation of errors.

When the pyramid builders established the geo pole many thousands years ago, they made a little error in their measurements. Even with our GPS systems today we have to deal with a certain error of about ± 50 meters.

When the pyramid builders constructed their pyramids, they again made a small error between their perception of true North and the actual alignment of the stones.

When we measure the pyramid many thousands years later, the position of the pyramid might have changed a little bit, due to geological processes, especially when earth crust displacements appear to be real.

When we measure the pyramid many thousands years later, we again make small errors in our measurements.

It is possible that all these errors cancel eachother out and nicely result in some perfection, but it is most likely that we'll find an erratic pattern of 'noise'. This noise is the build-up of the above mentioned errors.

We have to deal with this in a clever way.

Probability That Giza Was Meant to Point North

The chance that one of the pyramids of Giza coincidentally points Northward is 1 to 22.5 (90÷4.0). The chance that all three of them are coincidental aligned to the North pole is almost ZERO. To be exact: 0,0088% (0.0444³ × 100%). So, Giza altogether was no coincidence.

The claim that all three were meant to be aligned to the North pole is 99.9912% sure.

The purpose, like with the alignment of the Vatican, is something totally different, and is open to any speculation, which might differ from structure to structure.

Did you know that the White House is also exactly aligned to the North pole? That also is done on purpose, although the reason why it is done might be unclear to us. But that shouldn't hinder any research to the phenomenon itself.

When it comes to structures of power, it seems as if the North pole is almost inescapable. Structures of greater importance seem to be aligned to the pole. When they're not pointed to the North pole, they were more or less subjected to their immediate surroundings, and that makes them of lesser importance.

When alignments are measured under a large angle, the error will remain small.

Measuring objects that are alignment under a small angle result in a larger error.

How to Define the Chances on Intentional Alignments

Most pyramids have four sides. Since we don't know for sure the purpose of a pyramid, we cannot discriminate one side over another. So, the angle in which it can be uniquely arranged is 90° (360°÷4).

With the average accuracy of ±2.0° in which we could measure the structures, there are within the angle of 90° 22.5 discriminating steps, which makes a chance of 4% in the defined framework that a pyramid is accidentally pointing to the North pole.

But there's no 90° of freedom. The claim is that the pole shifted from 50°N to 90°N, which is an angle of 40° (see drawing). Within this angle there's 10% (4.0°÷40°×100%) chance that a measured structure is accidentally pointing North.

There are 228 measured structures in the database, from which 196 are within the angle of 40° (50°N to 90°N). Hence there's a 'standard' chance that 19.6 of the structures (196×10%) are pointing North. So, when we find 20 structures clustering within an area of 4 degrees, even if this is Greenland, we cannot derive a special status from that.

Of the randomly selected structures, there were 43 ancient structures pointing to the current geo North pole. The chance for this event is very small, to be more precise: 0.000042%_[1]. We now have to make a twist. The probability that the current North pole is correctly defined at its current location is 99.99996 sure%.

When another cluster of this magnitude shows up it is surely one of the former North poles, with a certainty of almost 100%. Let's have a look.

_{[1]:
n=196; x=43; p=0.1}

How large is the chance that more 50% of all the alignments are running over Greenland, which is just 25% of a quarter hemisphere? When we're trying to find another pole, is Greenland our best bet.

Finding the Other Poles

You can find former North poles by following the alignment patterns of ancient structures, and then calculate the probability that it actually is a former North Pole location. Just follow the patterns of pyramid alignments that are not pointing to the current North pole.

But since we only know the current North pole for sure, and we are not sure where to look, it is best to go from coarse to fine. If there are hints that the former North pole was on Greenland, the first thing that could be done is looking for the amount of alignment that intersect Greenland as a whole.

The amount of intersections on Greenland is 112 of the total 196. The probability for this clustering to occur coincidental is immensely small: 2.9×10^-21 %_[2]. We can be 100% certain that the former North pole was somewhere on Greenland. Or better, Greenland was once on the North pole.

We don't know yet where to look on Greenland, but that can be done by following a simple logic. Going from course to fine is the best approach.

How? We have to connect pyramids somehow by using a kind of 'independent intermediator' - the reference line.

_{[2]:
n=196; x=112; p=0.25}

Creating an Intersection Line Over Greenland

When we draw a vertical line towards the South pole at a longitude of 45 degrees, we can examine how many alignments intersect that line. The peaks in the graph show the most likely locations of the former poles.

Why Not Connecting Pyramids Directly

It happens too often, especially on the internet, that people claim to have found a connection between ancient objects by drawing some lines between them. In most cases that means absolutely nothing, and we cannot draw any conclusions from it.

With 228 pyramids we can have (228-1)² possible connections. That might be about 51,500 intersection points. That would be an immense scatterplot with tons of useless noise in it. What conclusions could we draw from that? And why wouldn't we organize the research logically at first hand?

We can find an intersection point between two of the most enigmatic pyramids on the planet, Teotihuacan and Giza. They intersect near Kongsfjord that lies in Northern Norway. We won't find anything useful at that location.

This intersection point has not any significance whatsoever. We can connect absolutely different time frames to eachother, but we cannot draw any conclusion from it. We cannot just connect some pyramids onto eachother, without using a well thought out reference.

The reference will lead us to groups of pyramids that we can safely connect to each other, which leads to a definitive location of a former pole.

Most Sure Former Pole Locations

The current North pole is easy to find. It is the highest peak in the graph. This graph shows three other peaks. There are three former Geo poles found. A fourth pole is also found, but that required a mathematical trick

Probability can be calculated with the binomial formula.

How Probability is Determined

On the reference line we found 38 intersections between latitude 71 and 74. The standard probability is 20 intersections. We can calculate the likelihood that such a large cluster forms coincidental by using the binomial formula.

n = number of trials = 196

p = probability of success = 0.1

x = number of successes = 38

P(x) = 3.9×10^-5 ≡ 0.03%.

The probability that a cluster of this magnitude forms coincidental is 0.03%. Conversely we can say it is artificial constructed. It was clearly pointing to one location, and therefore most likely a former North pole, since there was no relation between the randomly distributed pyramids around the globe.

The same situation was emulated by using Monte Carlo simulations, which gave the same results. We can be sure this formula expresses this situation correctly.

Intersection Clusters = Proximity of Former North Poles

Latitude	Intersections with 45 Lon Line	Probability
72.5°N	38	99.97%
76.4°N	31	99.70%
65.0°N	22	92.30%

Intersection Clusters on Greenland

A group of pyramids that are apparently aligned to Greenland form a colossal intersection cluster between latitude 71° and 74°. The weighed average of this cluster is at 72.5°N, 45°W.

A second cluster was found between latitude 75° and 78°. The weighed average of this cluster is at 76.4°N, 45°W.

A third cluster was found between latitude 63° and 66°. The weighed average of this cluster is at 65.0°N, 45°W.

Greenland went in a few steps over the North pole. It is possible to correlate the magnitude of the steps with the temperature proxies, δD or δ018, respectively found in ice cores of Vostok and Dome-C (Antarctica). The similarities are clear. From this we can directly derive the time frames of the crustal shifts which are clearly related to the Milankovitch cycles.

In a series of next articles I will show you in an increasing detail what happened in our distant past.

© 2016 by Buildreps
_{First
published: February 21, 2016}

Database of Intersections Pyramids
The database contains the used data of 228 pyramids and temples spread over the world. The data contains the intersection coordinates with the 45W Longitude line. The data also contains some specific info about the buildings.

From Hub Pages @ http://hubpages.com/education/Alignment-of-Pyramids-to-Former-North-Poles

For more information about shifting poles see http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/pole%20shift

- Scroll down through ‘Older Posts’ at the end of each section

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Monday, 8 June 2015

The Establishment Has Already Acknowledged a Lost Race of Giants

3d Digital Sculpture of Giant with hair, copper breastplate, and gorget. Image courtesy of Marcia K. Moore, Ciamar Studio. For more reconstructions of giants, visit Marcia K. Moore’s website.

By Jason Jarrell and Sarah Farmer

One of the most controversial subjects regarding the ancient prehistoric cultures of North America concerns what we refer to as the Unique Physical Types (UPT). For the purposes of what follows, these UPT are often gigantic humanoid skeletons with hyper elongated or high-vaulted crania, occasional extra or pathological detentions (including several reports of double or triple rows of teeth), and are usually discovered in the burial mounds and associated graveyards of the Adena-Hopewell, Archaic Cultures, and Southeastern Ceremonial Complex.

It is common today for alternative history researchers to tell the story of how these beings were discovered en masse throughout the 19^th and early 20^th centuries. Historians, antiquarians, and archaeologists recorded the discovery of the Unique Physical Types all over the United States, with a large concentration found in the mounds and earthworks of the Ohio River Valley and along the Mississippi River. These accounts can be found in any number of county, township, and state histories, as well as anthropological literature from both inside and outside of the Smithsonian Institution. Here are several examples:

Kentucky: “From a mound on the farm of Edin Burrowes, near Franklin, were exhumed, in May, 1841, at a depth of over 12 feet, several human skeletons. One, of extraordinary dimensions, was found between what appeared to have been two logs, covered with a wooden slab. Many of the bones were entire. The under jaw-bone was large enough to fit over the jaw, flesh and all, of any common man of the present day. The thigh-bones were full six inches longer than those of any man in Simpson County. Teeth, arms, ribs, and all, gave evidence of a giant of a former race”. (History of Kentucky, Lewis Collins)

Jo Daviess County, Illinois: “The mounds on the bluff have nearly all been opened within the last two or three years…In all that have been opened the excavators have found in the center a pit that was evidently dug about two and a half feet below the original surface of the ground…The bones in this pit indicate a race of gigantic stature, buried in a sitting posture around the sides of the pit, with legs extending toward the center”. (The History of Joe Daviess County)

“Near the original surface, 10 or 12 feet from the center (of the mound), on the lower side, lying at full length upon its back, was one of the largest skeletons discovered by the Bureau agents, the length as proved by actual measurement being between 7 and 8 feet. It was all clearly traceable…” (12^th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology)

Kanawha Valley, West Virginia: “No 11 is now 35 by 40 feet at the base and 4 feet high. In the center, 3 feet below the surface, was a vault 8 feet long and 3 feet wide. In the bottom of this, among the decayed fragments of bark wrappings, lay a skeleton fully 7 feet long, extended at full length on the back, head west…. Nineteen feet from the top…in the remains of a bark coffin, a skeleton, measuring 7.5 feet in length and 19 inches across the shoulders, was discovered”. (12^th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology)

“Within the village of Brownstown, ten miles above Charleston and just below the mouth of Lens creek, is another such ancient burying ground…At Brownstown, not long since, two skeletons were found together, one a huge frame about seven feet in length and the other about four feet, a dwarf and deformed”. (History of the Great Kanawha Valley)

Mounds in Dunbar and South Charleston recorded by the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1884

Florida: “Pursuing my investigations, and excavating further toward the south east face of the mound, I came upon the largest stone ax I have ever seen or that had ever been found in this section of the country. Close to it was the largest and most perfect cranium of the mound…Near by the side of this skull were the right femoris, the tibia, the humerus, and part of the radius, with a portion of the pelvis directly under the skull…Anticipating a perfect specimen in this skull, I was doomed to disappointment, for, after taking it out of the earth and setting it up, so that I could view the fleshless face of this gigantic savage, in the space of two hours it crumbled to pieces, except small portions. According to measurement of the bones of this skeleton, its height must have been quite 7 feet”. (Annual Report of the Boards of Regents of the Smithsonian)

Digital sketch, ancient Florida giant. Image courtesy of Marcia K. Moore, Ciamar Studio.

Louisiana: “In the same line of abnormality was the finding of one skull in which the detention reached the unusual number of forty teeth, the increase consisting of eight additional incisors…The formation of the skull found in the Larto mound, as compared with those of other localities, is highly anomalous…The anomaly in these cases cannot be ascribed to artificial disfiguration, for, were it such, the otherwise symmetrical development of the other parts would be impossible…their remarkable conformation could not possibly have been the result of bandages or other external appliances, but was undoubtedly congenital”. (Publication of the Louisiana Historical Society)

Etowah Mound Group: “Grave A, a stone sepulcher, 2.5 feet wide, 8 feet long, and 2 feet deep, was formed by placing steatite slabs on edge at the sides and ends, and others across the top. The bottom consisted simply of earth hardened by fire. It contained the remains of a single skeleton, lying on its back, with the head east. The frame was heavy and 7 feet long”. (12^th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology)

These examples represent the various anomalous features of the Unique Physical Types, which were encountered in the 19^th and early 20^th centuries. Spatially and culturally, they illustrate the extensive temporal and geographical range of these types. The Kanawha Valley Mound Builders left their remains in an area where some of the oldest Fayette Thick Adena Pottery and diverse types of mound construction have been found. It has recently been suggested that sites in West Virginia may push the “acceptable” beginning of the Early Woodland Period back to 1400-1300 BC.

The samples from Illinois come from a region where Archaic era mounds have been found, often with Hopewell Mounds built over and into them hundreds or thousands of years later, as in the case of Elizabeth Mound 1 and Peter Klunk Mound 7. The Etowah Mound (Mound C) is ascribed to the Mississippian Cult, dated to 950-1450 AD.

Ancient mounds and monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Originally published in William Cullen Bryant and Sydney Howard Gay, A Popular History of the United States, Vol I (1888), p. 24. (Wikimedia Commons)

After the Government and Philanthropies took over American Archaeology in the 1900s, the establishment undertook the policy of flatly denying the existence of anomalous remains. The actual beginning point for the revisionist tendency in the National Museum was very early. By 1851, E G Squier was working to debunk theories of pre-Columbian contact, and several decades later, Gerald Fowke would attempt to discredit and jettison the work of virtually every researcher in the field up to his day, including the skeletal measurements of his fellow agents in the Bureau of Ethnology. However, the denial of the Unique Types truly got underway during the reign of Ales Hrdlicka as the Curator of Anthropology at the Smithsonian (circa 1903).

"Ales hrdlicka" by Unknown - Archive Museum of Aleš Hrdlička in Humpolec. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Hrdlicka seems to have made a hobby of constantly disparaging the notion that anomalous skeletons were ever found. This was done in scholarly works as well as public venues:

"And the ‘giant’ and ‘eight-foot’ skeleton is to this day the almost stereotyped feature of many an amateur report of a find of skeletal remains in Florida as well as other parts of the country. All these reports…it may be said once and for all, are exaggerations."

Dr Hrdlicka blames the ‘will to believe’ of amateur anthropologists for many reports of ‘discoveries’ which find their way to his office with monotonous frequency…the purported ‘finds’ describe a race of ancient giants between 7 and 8 feet tall with bones and jaws considerably larger than those living today…Next to human ‘giants’ Dr. Hrdlicka reports, fancy finds its sway with human ‘dwarfs’.

Interestingly, Hrdlicka’s name appears in several reports of discoveries of gigantic skeletons during his tenure at the American Museum:

"The skeletons of these Hitherto Unknown American Aborigines Showed They All Ranged in Height from Six and One-Half to Seven Feet…Excavating in the sand dunes of the sun-sprayed Golden Isles, Georgia, archaeologists have gouged out the strange record of an amazing prehistoric race of giants…What manner of men were these, the members of whose tribe all averaged six and one-half and seven feet tall?...Some of the first skulls to be disinterred by Preston Holder have already been examined at the Smithsonian Institute by Dr Ales Hrdlicka, foremost authority on North American Types."

Currently there are a slew of books, DVDs and even at least one TV show documenting the exploits of modern hunters who are “on the trail” of the anomalous dead, who insist that if at least one of these skeletons could be found and presented to the “experts” it would somehow alter the professed paradigm of the establishment itself. However, as we will demonstrate in part 2, the “experts” have already rediscovered, photographed, and measured these types of remains.

Illustration from "Mundus subterraneus" - suggesting that fossil bones were from giants (Wikimedia Commons).

Following our overview of discoveries of gigantic humanoid skeletons in the burial mounds and associated graveyards of the Adena-Hopewell, Archaic Cultures, and Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, we will now document the discovery of the Unique Physical Types (UPT) even after the institution of the mainstream policy of denial, or “post cover-up”.

The two pre-eminent Adena scholars of the twentieth century were William S Webb (assisted by Charles Snow of the University of Kentucky) and Don Dragoo, of the Carnegie Museum. When Webb excavated the Dover Mound in Mason Co, Kentucky, he encountered a group burial of 4 skeletons, one of which represented the Unique Physical Type:

“The remains of burial 40 is one of the largest known to Adena; the skull-foot field measurement is 84 inches (7 feet).” (The Dover Mound, William S Webb and Charles Snow 1959)

The Burial Census Table mentions that this skeleton had a “very thick” skull and represented the “tallest Adena male” from the mound. For other burials in the Dover Mound the Table includes such details as “prominent bilateral chin”, “rugged head and face, wide bilateral chin” and “High Vaulted, large-faced”. (Webb and Snow, 1959)

The Dover Mound also yielded skeletons with dental abnormalities. Burial 54 included “a supernumerary tooth with twin cusps, lying diagonally in the left maxilla”, as well as “shovel shaped later incisors.” (Webb and Snow, 1959)

Recently recorded instances of Adena supernumerary teeth occur at McMurrey Mound 1 and Sidner Mound 1 in Ohio. (Mortuary Variability in the Middle Big Darby Drainage of Central Ohio Between 300 BC and 300 AD Volume 1, Bruce Aument). One particularly monstrous deformation analyzed and photographed in the Ohio Archaeologist may be an extreme case of the type of dental anomalies found in the Dover Mound. (Ohio Archaeologist, 10(4), Oct 1960.)

Webb and Snow also noted the large crania of the Adena, which they partly attributed to head-boarding:

“Not only do the Dover people show the results of head shaping (deformation), but they exceed the total Kentucky series in the great width and height of the skull vault!...it is to be noted that the head shaping…has been extreme in these skulls…These people as a group…have the highest skull vaults reported anywhere in the world.” (Webb and Snow, 1959)

Artist’s reconstruction of the high skull vaults reported in descriptions of North American giants. Image courtesy of Marcia K. Moore, Ciamar Studio.

Another feature of the UPTs documented by Webb and Snow is the massive lower jaw:

“One of the outstanding and un-Indian traits present among the Adena people is their prominent and often bilateral chins…One of the skulls from the Dover Mound, Burial 25…represents a bilateral chin with a width of 52 mm.” (Webb and Snow, 1959)

“One of the particular features present in at least one-half of the observed examples is the great width of the bony chin, formed by bilateral eminences rarely found among the skulls of the much earlier Shell Heap People or among the later Hopewell People.” (The Adena People, No 2, by Webb and Baby).

Besides the large skeletal type, Snow noted the discovery of the “Dwarf” type mentioned in early literature in his observations of the famous Adena pipe from Ross County, Ohio:

“Further evidence of abnormal Adena individuals is portrayed in a remarkable piece of sculpture in the round-the Adena Pipe figurine…The figure depicted is typical of this form of dwarfism.” (The Adena People, No 2, by Webb and Baby.)

The Adena Pipe. His head and torso are large in comparison to his legs, suggesting to some that he represents a dwarf. (Photo courtesy of the Ohio Historical Society)

The text references the excavation of one of these individuals at Waverly, Ohio. The following description of this burial is from Gerald Fowke:

“…a skeleton of peculiar form. It was not over five feet long, but the bones were very thick and the processes for attachment of muscles were extraordinary in their development. The skull was nearly half an inch thick and of unusual size, mostly back of the ears, though the forehead was full and high. The teeth were large, hard, and but little worn”. (The Archaeological History of Ohio, by Gerald Fowke, page 372.)

In 1958, Don Dragoo encountered the large Adena type while excavating the Cresap Mound in West Virginia on behalf of the Carnegie Museum. In a subfloor tomb he unearthed Burial 54:

“This individual was of large proportions. When measured in the tomb his length was approximately 7.04 feet. All the long bones were heavy and possessed marked eminences for the attachment of muscles.” (Mounds for the Dead, by Don Dragoo, 1963).

A burial mound of the Adena Culture. Grave Creek Mound in Moundsville, West Virginia (Wikimedia Commons)

This discovery, as well as a review of Webb’s earlier work at the Dover Mound, influenced Dragoo’s remarkable observations on Adena anthropology:

“Two outstanding traits have been noted repeatedly for this group. One is the protruding and massive chin often with prominent bilateral protrusions. The second trait is the large size of many of the males and some of the females. A male of six feet was common and some individuals approaching seven feet in height have been found, for example, Burial 40 in the Dover Mound and Burial 54 in the Cresap Mound. Some of the females in the Dover Mound also were more than six feet in height. Not only were these Adena people tall but also the massiveness of the bones indicates powerfully built individuals. The head was generally big with a large cranial capacity”. (Mounds for the Dead, by Don Dragoo, 1963).

To Webb, Snow, and Dragoo, the evidence clearly pointed towards the existence of a group of genetically related elites within the Adena sphere who shared the UPT traits. The true number of these individuals had been obfuscated by the common practice of cremation:

“If, as the evidence seems to indicate, the burials in the tombs were those of a selected group such factors would have undoubtedly been of importance not only in the development of the prominent chin but also in the large stature. If only certain inbreeding individuals of the total population were members of the ‘selected group’, genetic factors would also have played an important part in the establishment of the unique Adena physical type…How wide-spread throughout the entire Adena population were the unique traits of the tomb burials is unknown but Snow’s study of the cremated remains from the Dover Mound indicated that at least some of the individuals among these cremated remains also possessed the unique traits of the flesh burials in the tombs. Because of the common practice of cremating most of the dead, we will probably never be able to determine the full extent of these special traits in the general population.” (Mounds for the Dead, by Don Dragoo, 1963).

The emerging picture is of an elite race within Late Archaic/Early Woodland societies who were often buried in the mounds, and who represented a type of “royalty”. Among these interrelated groups were UPTs. This elitism is further evidenced by the presence of extensive child and infant burials in the tombs, often accompanied by the same exotic goods as the adults including shell beads and copper rings. Also, dental and bone anomalies have been used to establish a genetic connection between individuals at mound sites.

Gigantic discoveries are often challenged with the generic statement that average Adena were between 5’6’’ and 5’11’’ feet tall, but this argument is a conjecture of half-truth disguised as science. We are not concerned with the “average” stature of the Adena populace, but rather the irregular characteristics (and often abnormally tall stature) of their elite.

Skeletons of a male giant and a female dwarf, displayed at the Royal College of Surgeons. (Wikimedia Commons)

Besides the professional literature, so-called “amateur” archaeologists have also chronicled conclusive evidence of Unique Physical Types with a great consistency to the discoveries of Dragoo and Webb. In 1908, Louis Welles Murray recorded that at Tioga Point in Pennsylvania, remains of “a skeleton of a man six or more feet in height” beneath a cist-like grave were found. The grave itself was encased and moved to the local museum where the bones were studied by hundreds of people. Other skeletons from this same area “were of unusual size; one, judged from the length of thigh bone, to be seven feet.” (A History of Old Tioga Point and Early Athens, Pennsylvania, by Louis Welles Murray.)

In addition to these, Murray documents the examination of a large skeleton by a Professor Holbrooke:

“Judging by the thigh bone he must have been seven feet tall. The skull was much larger than usual, very thick, the forehead unusually receding, the top flattened. The jaws were extremely strong, full of large, perfect teeth.” (A History of Old Tioga Point and Early Athens, Pennsylvania, by Louis Welles Murray.)

Following the discovery of burials in her own flower garden, Murray embarked on an archaeological odyssey of her own. In 1921, she published an article for the American Anthropologist, noting that the femur, jaw, and teeth of one of the seven-foot skeletons was then still in the Tioga Point Museum. Also included are references to many skeletons between 6 and 7 feet tall, with photographs of artifacts, pottery, and the in situ burial of one of the “above 6ft” burials. The article also features a photograph of the “Paul Scott Collection”, described as “a multiplicity of small artifacts, suggesting a race of pygmies” which included a “miniature amulet and sinker stones.” (Aboriginal Sites In And Near “Teaoga”, in American Anthropologist 23(2) 1921).

Regardless of the disparagement of amateurs, historians, and antiquarians, the credentials of Webb, Snow, and Dragoo have never been brought into question. With so many researchers scrambling today to discover irrefutable evidence of gigantic or otherwise anomalous beings to prove their existence, the authors question why they do not simply present the works of William S Webb and Don Dragoo to anthropologists, and more importantly, their audiences.

While the concept of a mysterious and undiscovered race may create an air of sensationalism healthy for selling books and DVDs, we feel that it is of far more relevance to demonstrate that the Unique Physical Types were discovered by professionals all the way up through the 20^th century, even after the institutionalized policy of denial, and yet the establishment continues to deny their own documented evidence and the truth.

References:

History of Kentucky, Volume 2. Lewis Collins, 1878. Giants appear in the text on pages 107, 653, 654, 666, 683, and 722 https://archive.org/stream/collinshistoricav02coll#page/n7/mode/2up
The History of Joe Daviess County, Illinois, 1878. Reference is page 843 https://archive.org/stream/historyofjodavie00kett#page/844/mode/2up/search/Ancient+Mounds
12^th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1891. https://archive.org/stream/annualreportofbu1218901891smit#page/n7/mode/2up
History of the Great Kanawha Valley, by John P Hale, 1891. Reference on page 47.
https://archive.org/stream/historyofgreatka01madi#page/n7/mode/2up
Annual Report of the Boards of Regents of the Smithsonian, 1874. See Antiwuities of Florida, page 392.
Publications of the Louisiana Historical Society 1896. Mounds of Louisiana, Part 1. Reference begins on page 20.
https://archive.org/stream/publicationslou02socigoog#page/n143/mode/2up
Building Woodland Archaeological Units in The Kanawha River Basin, West Virginia, by Patrick D Trader, in Woodland Period Systematics in The Middle Ohio Valley, edited by Darlene Applegate and Robert Mainford, 2005.
For Elizabeth Mound number 1, see The Archaic and Woodland Cemeteries of the Elizabeth Site in the Lower Illinois Valley edited by Leigh and Buikstra, 1988.
For Peter Klunk Mound 7, see Hopewell and Woodland Site Archaeology in Illinois, Bulletin 6 Illinois Archaeological Survey
https://uofi.app.box.com/s/gw2ah1c1wyi602w27umt
Essay attached to Memoir on the European Colonization of America, page 20.
https://archive.org/stream/cihm_42357#page/n23/mode/2up
Archaeological History of Ohio, Gerald Fowke.
https://archive.org/stream/cu31924005690155#page/n5/mode/2up
Anthropology of Florida, Ales Hrdlicka 1922.
https://archive.org/stream/anthropologyoffl00hrdli#page/n5/mode/2up
Newspaper article discovered in a clipping file by Ross Hamilton, author of A Tradition of Giants: The Elite Social Hierarchy of American Prehistory.
The Salt Lake Tribune, 8/21/1936, courtesy of the excellent Greater Ancestors website:
http://greaterancestors.com/the-golden-isles-giants/

The Dover Mound, William S Webb and Charles Snow 1959. The measurement of the giant is on page 22, the burial census is on pages 29-32, and the dental anomalies are photographed on page 43.
Mortuary Variability in the Middle Big Darby Drainage of Central Ohio Between 300 BC and 300 AD Volume 1, Bruce Aument.
Ohio Archaeologist, 10 (4), Oct 1960. Article and photograph on pages 140-141.
https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/55999/OHIO_ARCHAEOLOGIST_10_4_OCTOBER_1960.pdf?sequence=1
The Adena People, No 2, by Webb and Baby.
The Archaeological History of Ohio, by Gerald Fowke, page 372.
Mounds for the Dead, by Don Dragoo (1963). Burial 54 is measured and described on page 67, and an actual photograph of the skeleton in situ appears on page 50.
A History of Old Tioga Point and Early Athens, Pennsylvania, by Louis Welles Murray. Large Skeletons appear in the text around page 200. Page 203 features a photo of a large type in situ.
https://archive.org/stream/ahistoryoldtiog00murrgoog#page/n8/mode/2up
Aboriginal Sites In And Near “Teaoga”, Now Athens, Pennsylvania, in American Anthropologist 23(2) 1921 page 183. The article features a photo of the “pygmy artifacts”.

From Ancient Origins @ http://www.ancient-origins.net/unexplained-phenomena/establishment-has-already-acknowledged-lost-race-giants-part-1-003109 and http://www.ancient-origins.net/unexplained-phenomena/establishment-has-already-acknowledged-lost-race-giants-part-2-003114

For more information about giants see http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/giants