The "Lifter" Phenomenon: Electrogravitics, Antigravity, and More

The "Lifter" Phenomenon:

Electrogravitics, Antigravity, and More

by Eugene F. Mallove

All over the world, a strange hobby is gathering force — the making of cheap, lightweight craft of aluminum foil, balsa wood, and thin wire, which "thrust" themselves silently upward in defiance of gravity. The model airplane-type structures, superficially resembling triangular kites, have no wings, propellers, or moving parts. Indoors or out, the craft leap upward against nylon tethers that hold them back from zooming ever higher!

The "power" source for such craft? Nothing more than a ground-based high-voltage power supply (30,000 volts and above) — often scavenged by tinkerers from old computer monitors. The internet-linked hobbyists compete to see how much mass (actually, weight) of payload (now in the several grams range) their "lifters" can carry. They proudly display their new designs and accomplishments in internet images and video clips; consult the several websites referenced to view the videos and the original material.¹

Even more amazing about this space-age hobby: There is no clear, generally accepted physics explanation about how these craft work! In electronics terms, they are asymmetrical capacitors (one side or electrode holding more charge than the other) onto which charge has been applied from a DC source. There is an unmistakable force generated that makes these craft experience movement in the direction toward the smaller-sized electrode.

The "skeptics," of course, have the usual knee-jerk reaction that this odd phenomenon can be explained very simply. They contend that the craft are simply imparting motion to ionized air molecules and are thus relying on jet thrusting action of propelled mass, i.e. it's just "ion wind." But some (not all) experiments, and all calculations of the "ion wind" explanation that I have seen, find it quite insufficient (by orders of magnitude, depending on the assumptions) to explain the "antigravity" thrusting. Are these lifters then, in part, "reactionless thrusters," or are they manifesting, in part, genuine antigravity effects?

Know well that some of these lifters have been turned 90 degrees and used in pairs to thrust horizontally about a shaft, creating an interesting motor effect. (What are the energetics and ultimate efficiencies of such motors? These are interesting and important questions, to be sure.) It is not possible to say one way or the other how lifters work their magic— and that is part of the excitement and charm of this area. This is a field ripe for open-ended experimentation and development of products.

Bear in mind that the conditions and parameters of individual experiments are very important— firm conclusions about physics cannot be drawn from a single isolated experiment, no matter how carefully done. What is the voltage level, degree of asymmetry of the capacitor, orientation, steady DC power vs. pulsed DC power, etc.? It may well be, for example, that the truly interesting physics emerges only at higher voltage levels; there is evidence of that in the historical record of"electrogravitics"— Thomas Townsend Brown's work (see below)— from which this field emerged.²

 

Do It Yourself!

If you are challenged by the prospect of doing your own experiments, or perhaps you just want to participate in this new lifter hobby, by all means go to it. Tim Ventura, a computer systems man who fell into this vocation/avocation, has put up an excellent website for hobbyists and others who are just getting into the field: http://www.americanantigravity.com

The site has relevant links to technical material of all kinds. Tim Ventura even sells a computer CD with many megabytes of material on it. He was kind enough to let us reprint several of his carefully done "how to" construction segments. So even without web access, newbies can begin to make their own lifters right from this issue of Infinite Energy.

We also reprint Ventura's gung-ho introductory essay (p. 16), which relates how an Alabama company, Transdimensional Technologies, which made the first of the modern lifter embodiments, led to launching his American Antigravity enterprise. Finally, I have posted some good references at the end of this Introduction. Particularly apt is one published in January 2002 by the staff of our collegial publication, Electric Spacecraft Journal.³ That same journal reports the replication of one of the T.T. Brown experiments by Larry Davenport.⁴

Proceed with caution! This is a fun hobby, but high voltages are involved and we want you all to be safe and alive to see where this lifter phenomenon ultimately leads.

Do not undertake experimentation without fully understanding the hazards involved!

Lifters Antigravity and the Physics of a new Quantum Theory 

(22:40)

 

Electrogravitics: The Historical Background

The most important aspect of the lifter phenomenon is recapitulation of the work of American inventor and physicist Thomas Townsend Brown (1905-1985), who grew up in Zanesville, Ohio. From his teen years, Brown was captivated by the relationship of electrical phenomena to gravity. He worked on many inventions that seemed to bear on this connection, and out of which the term "electrogravitics" seems to have emerged. (One of his influential professors in Ohio, Dr. Paul Biefield, allegedly was a classmate of Albert Einstein— an interesting historical connection— and the origin of the term "Biefield-Brown effect.")

Tom Valone^5,6 has compiled much useful information about the patents and work of T.T. Brown. He notes, "Unknown to many non-conventional propulsion experts, T. Townsend Brown's electrogravitics work after the war [WWII] involved a classified multinational project. American companies such as Douglas, Glenn Martin, General Electric, Bell, Convair, Lear, and Sperry-Rand participated in the research effort. Britain, France, Sweden, Canada, and Germany also had concurrent projects from 1954 through 1956."

The NASA Patent— and Denials

Another remarkable development in this lifter saga occurred this year. A NASA employee was awarded a U.S. patent, #6,317,310 on the asymetrical capacitor thruster and it is assigned to NASA! We have reproduced key introductory portions of this patent (see p. 30) which seems to be grand theft of the intellectual property of T.T. Brown, with no referencing thereof! The abstract glibly states:

"The high voltage source applies a high voltage to the conductive elements of sufficient value to create a thrust force on the module inducing movement thereof." There is no discussion whatsoever in this patent of the infamous "ion wind" explanation of the thrust. Given that NASA is in the business of space travel in vacuo, it is implicit that the inventor and agency believes this technology is relevant to spaceflight— either that or it is grossly misleading people. Is NASA somehow trying to slip potentially reactionless thrusters (i.e. Newton's Third Law— violating technology!) or heretical "antigravity" technology into the public arena? Probably not.

As it is often said, "Never attribute to malice what is more readily explained by stupidity." From an internal NASA memo (sent to Ventura in late May 2002):

An article appeared in the May 11, 2002, issue of Wired.com/news, by Michelle Delio, about the controversial, and as— yet unresolved, "Lifter" effect; also known as "Asymmetrical Capacitors," "Electrogravitics," and the "Biefeld-Brown effect (circa 1955)." This effect claims anomalous thrust from high-voltage capacitors, and therefore, falls within the scope of Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (BPP). Marc Millis [of NASA] was quoted in the article.

The version cited in the Wired article is from Tim Ventura, a UNIX programmer for AT&T Wireless. This topic is controversial because most of the recent work, work that was not coordinated with the BPP Project, has focused on promoting claims rather than on credibly resolving the unknowns, and has published these claims in inappropriate venues. Such activities have tainted the overall credibility of BPP research, by association. Fortunately, a new effort, involving a reprogrammed Congressional earmark, has been tasked to conduct an independent experimental test of these "Asymmetrical Capacitor" claims. This new effort, managed by MSFC's Gary Johnson, involves a MSFC-managed earmark to the West Virginia Institute for Software Research (ISR). This work is now being coordinated with BPP Project.

Yet other "PR" on this topic from NASA alleges that the ion wind explanation suffices to explain Biefield-Brown! Well, the physics establishment has had almost a century to deal with this question and has simply ignored it, but now NASA, with its patent already in hand, proposes to perform a funded study on it. . .toward what end?

Open-Ended Questions: Other Antigravity and Reactionless Thrusters

The basic questions prompted by the lifter phenomenon are these:
1) How do electrical phenomena relate to gravity?
2) Are there "reactionless" forces that can be generated by electromagnetic devices? The know-it-alls of the physics establishment have preferred to deal with the question of gravity's relationship to "electromagnetism" with its favored grand unified theories. "Reactionless forces" are simply too much for the poor physics community to deal with in virtually any forum— so it doesn't discuss them at all— that would be dangerous to its enterprise, like discussing cold fusion dispassionately, without malice.

Whenever actual devices come along, such as the gravity shielding experiment of Evgeny Podkletnov and others,⁸ the Establishment develops paroxysms of denial. It is going absolutely berserk already when the "lifter" phenomenon is brought up. It knows subliminally that it can't explain it satisfactorily, so it thinks it can deal with it with a few jokes from spokesman Robert Park. But unlike cold fusion, the lifter phenomenon is already absolutely repeatable on demand. And, it looks like technological applications are possible. Sooner or later, folks are going to find out that the Emperor-Fizzix-really has no clothes. For now, enjoy our coverage on this uplifting matter.

References

1. A few websites for lifter information:

*American Antigravity (Tim Ventura) http://www.americanantigravity.com
*JLN Labs, France (J.L. Naudin) http://jnaudin.free.fr/html/lifters.htm

2. Thomas Townsend Brown Patents:

FUK #300,311, Nov. 15, 1928, "A Method of and an
Apparatus or Machine for Producing Force or Motion."
FU.S. #1,974,483, Sept. 25, 1934, "Electrostatic Motor."
FU.S. #2,949,550, Aug. 16, 1960, "Electrokinetic Apparatus."
FU.S. #3,018,394, Jan. 23, 1962, "Electrokinetic Transducer."
FU.S. #3,022,430, Feb. 20, 1962, "Electrokinetic Generator."
FU.S. #3,187,206, June 1, 1965, "Electrokinetic Apparatus."

3. Staff Report. 2002. "Naudin's Lifter Phenomenon," Electric Spacecraft Journal, 33, January 16, 18-22.
4. Davenport, L. 1995. "T.T. Brown Experiment Replicated," Electric Spacecraft Journal, 16.
5. Valone, T., ed. 1994. Electrogravitics Systems: Reports on a New Propulsion Methodology, Integrity Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
6. Valone, T. 1995. "T.T. Brown's Electrogravitics," Electric Spacecraft Journal, 14, 24-29.
7. Stein, W.B. 2000. "Electrokinetic Propulsion: The Ion Wind Argument," Purdue University, Energy Conversion Lab (Hangar #3, Purdue Airport, West Lafayette, IN 47906), September 5.
8. Cohen, D. 2002. "Going Up (the latest on Evgeny Podkletnov gravity shield experiments)," New Scientist, January 12, 173, 2325, 24-27.

Copyright © 2014-2015. All rights reserved. E-mail: staff@infinite-energy.com Published in IE Volume 8, Issue #45, September/October 2002

From Infinite Energy @ http://www.infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue45/thelifterphen.html

For more information about lifters see http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/lifters  

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Pioneering Antigravity: Electrogravitic Propulsion

Pioneering Antigravity

Electrogravitic Propulsion

Left: Brown holding a flying disc tested in Project Montgolfier. Right: Close-up of disc showing outboard leading-edge wire. (photos courtesy of J. Cornillon)

T. T. Brown’s 1955-1956 Paris Experiments Revealed

  By P. LaViolette

Townsend Brown flying his discs at the S.N.C.A.S.O. facility outside of Paris. (photo courtesy of J. Cornillon)

In 1955 and 1956 Thomas Townsend Brown made two trips to Paris where he conducted tests of his electrokinetic apparatus and electrogravitic vacuum chamber tests in collaboration with the French aeronautical company Société National de Construction Aeronautiques du Sud Ouest (S.N.C.A.S.O.) .  He was invited there by Jacques Cornillon, the company’s U.S. technical representative.  The project was named Project Montgolfier in honor of the two French brother inventors who performed early aircraft flights.   The project continued for several years until the company changed ownership resulting in a final report which was written up in 1959.

Details of the Project Montgolfier experiments remained a closely guarded secret for many years until Jacques Cornillon courageously decided to make them public prior to his death in July 2008.   Brown’s proposal, the project’s top secret final report, and an assortment of revealing diagrams and photos were posted on the Cornillon website [now defunct] and [were] available for free download.  Brown’s proposal is in English, whereas the secret Montgolfier Project final report is in French.  An English translation of this 100 page final report is available from the Peeteelab website for a fee of $5.95 Canadian.  (Note there is a translation error in the statement of the  electrokinetic disc wire size, which is 100 times smaller than quoted.  Refer to the original French document for the proper size.)

The flying disc carousel experiment that the Montgolfier Project conducted in 1955 used 2-1/2 foot diameter discs (75 cm dia.) hung from 4 meter tethers suspended from the ends of a 3 meter arm.  Based on the description given, this seems to have been almost the same flying disc test that Brown gave to the Navy at Pearl Harbor a year or two earlier.

Based on the angle of the disc suspension cable seen in the photo on the right below, one may estimate that the disc was traveling at a speed of ~8.7 meters per second, or about 20 mph.  It would have completed one revolution of its 18 meter course in 2 seconds.

Left: Carrousel test rig. Right: Disc in flight. (photos courtesy of J. Cornillon)

Brown had finished his collaboration with S.N.C.A.S.O. in 1956.  From a letter that Mr. Cornillon later wrote to a colleague, we learn that in October 1957 Brown was in the process of test flying 10 foot diameter discs energized at a voltage of 300 kV!  Here we see that Brown had followed the plan he had first set out in his 1952 Project Winterhaven proposal which was to eventually test fly a ten foot diameter disc powered by 500 kV (70% more voltage than he used in his 1957 test flight).   

Hence we see that by this early date Brown had progressed beyond the toy model stage to flying small scale aircraft.  To reach this stage he must have been receiving substantial funding from either the military or from a major corporation.  More about Project Winterhaven and Brown’s research may be found in the book Secrets of Antigravity Propulsion.

In addition the Project Montgolfier team constructed a very large vacuum chamber for performing vacuum tests of smaller discs at a pressure of 5 X 10^-5 mm Hg; see below.

Left: Vacuum chamber vessel (1.4 m diameter) for conducting electrogravitic tests. Right: Vessel opened to show test rotor rig within. (photos courtesy of J. Cornillon)

In reading the section describing the vacuum chamber results, we learn that when the discs are operated at atmospheric pressure they move in the direction of the leading edge wire regardless of outboard wire polarity.  This indicates that in normal atmospheric conditions the discs are propelled forward primarily by unbalanced electrostatic forces due to the prevailing nonlinear field configuration (which causes thrust in the direction of the low field intensity ion cloud regardless of the ion polarity).  

On the other hand, the report says that under high vacuum conditions the discs always moved in the direction of the positive pole, regardless of the polarity on the outboard wire.  This indicates that in the absence of the unbalanced forces exerted by ion clouds, the discs moved mainly on the basis of the electrogravitic field effect, always toward the positive (negative G) direction.

These vacuum chamber experiments were a decisive milestone in that they demonstrated beyond a doubt that electrogravitic propulsion was a real physical phenomenon.  The report concludes saying: “It seems perfectly reasonable to conclude that a concentrated force of some kind accumulates within the presence of a strong dielectric.” (i.e., presumably in the presence of a high-K dielectric.)


From Starburst Forum @ http://starburstfound.org/electrograviticsblog/

 

 

 

Biefeld–Brown Effect

 

The Biefeld–Brown effect is an electrical effect that produces an ionic wind that transfers its momentum to surrounding neutral particles [this is incorrect – the experiment does work in a neutral vacuum, despite protestations presented below: N.I. Ed].

The effect was named by inventor Thomas Townsend Brown who claimed that he did a series of experiments with professor of astronomy Paul Alfred Biefeld, a former teacher of Brown who Brown claimed was as his mentor and co-experimenter at Denison University in Ohio.^[1][2] The phenomenon was also given the name "Electrogravitics" by Brown based on his belief this was an electricity/gravity phenomenon. The effect is more widely referred to as electrohydrodynamics (EHD) or sometimes electro-fluid-dynamics, a counterpart to the well-known magnetohydrodynamics. Extensive research was performed during the 1950s and 1960s on the use of this electric propulsion effect during the publicized era of the United States gravity control propulsion research (1955–1974).^{[citation needed]}

There is renewed focus on Browns effect with the spread in interest in high voltage powered experimental flying devices known as ionocraft or lifters.

• 5.1 Biefeld Brown effect electrohydrodynamics

Effect analysis

The effect is generally believed to rely on corona discharge, which allows air molecules to become ionized near sharp points and edges. Usually, two electrodes are used with a high voltage between them, ranging from a few kilovolts and up to megavolt levels, where one electrode is small or sharp, and the other larger and smoother. The most effective distance between electrodes occurs at an electric potential gradient of about 10 kV/cm, which is just below the nominal breakdown voltage of air between two sharp points, at a current density level usually referred to as the saturated corona current condition. This creates a high field gradient around the smaller, positively charged electrode. Around this electrode, ionization occurs, that is, electrons are stripped from the atoms in the surrounding medium; they are literally pulled right off by the electrode's charge.

This leaves a cloud of positively charged ions in the medium, which are attracted to the negative smooth electrode by Coulomb's Law, where they are neutralized again. This produces an equally scaled opposing force in the lower electrode. This effect can be used for propulsion (see EHD thruster), fluid pumps and recently also in EHD cooling systems. The velocity achievable by such setups is limited by the momentum achievable by the ionized air, which is reduced by ion impact with neutral air. A theoretical derivation of this force has been proposed (see the external links below).

However, this effect works using either polarity for the electrodes: the small or thin electrode can be either positive or negative, and the larger electrode must have the opposite polarity.^[3] On many experimental sites it is reported that the thrust effect of a lifter is actually a bit stronger when the small electrode is the positive one.^[4] This is possibly an effect of the differences between the ionization energy and electron affinity energy of the constituent parts of air; thus the ease of which ions are created at the 'sharp' electrode.

As air pressure is removed from the system, several effects combine to reduce the force and momentum available to the system. The number of air molecules around the ionizing electrode is reduced, decreasing the quantity of ionized particles. At the same time, the number of impacts between ionized and neutral particles is reduced. Whether this increases or decreases the maximum momentum of the ionized air is not typically measured, although the force acting upon the electrodes reduces, until the glow discharge region is entered. The reduction in force is also a product of the reducing breakdown voltage of air, as a lower potential must be applied between the electrodes, thereby reducing the force dictated by Coulomb's Law.

During the glow discharge region, the air becomes a conductor. Though the applied voltage and current will propagate at nearly the speed of light, the movement of the conductors themselves is almost negligible. This leads to a Coulomb force and change of momentum so small as to be zero.

Below the glow discharge region, the breakdown voltage increases again, whilst the number of potential ions decreases, and the chance of impact lowers. Experiments have been conducted and found to both prove and disprove a force at very low pressure. It is likely that the reason for this is that at very low pressures, only experiments which used very large voltages produced positive results, as a product of a greater chance of ionization of the extremely limited number of available air molecules, and a greater force from each ion from Coulomb's Law; experiments which used lower voltages have a lower chance of ionization and a lower force per ion. Common to positive results is that the force observed is small in comparison to experiments conducted at standard pressure. This is likely^{[original research?]} to be the result of the massively reduced number of ions produced by the experiment, although this could also be interpreted to be a different force entirely.

Electrogravity

At one time, Brown believed his devices produced a new field that interacted with the Earth's gravitational pull, a phenomenon he labeled electrogravitics. Certain fringe researchers claim that conventional physics cannot adequately explain the phenomenon.^[5] The effect has become something of a cause célèbre in the UFO community, where it is seen as an example of something much more exotic than electrokinetics. Charles Berlitz devoted an entire chapter of his book The Philadelphia Experiment to a retelling of Brown's early work with the effect, implying he had discovered a new electrogravity effect and that it was being used by UFOs. Today, the Internet is filled with sites devoted to this interpretation of the effect.

There have been followups on the claims that this propulsive force can be produced in a full vacuum, meaning it’s an unknown anti-gravity force, not just more well known ion wind, with several researchers (R. L. Talley in a 1990 US Air Force study, NASA scientist Jonathan Campbell in a 2003 experiment,^[6] and Martin Tajmar in a 2004 paper^[7]) finding that no thrust could be observed in a vacuum, consistent with the phenomenon of ion wind. Campbell pointed out to a Wired magazine reporter that creating a true vacuum similar to space for the test requires tens of thousands of dollars in equipment.

Patents

 U.S. Patent 3,120,363 — Flying apparatus — G.E. Hagen

T. T. Brown was granted a number of patents on his discovery:

• GB300311 — A method of and an apparatus or machine for producing force or motion (accepted 1928-11-15)
• U.S. Patent 1,974,483 — Electrostatic motor (1934-09-25)
• U.S. Patent 2,949,550 — Electrokinetic apparatus (1960-08-16)
• U.S. Patent 3,018,394 — Electrokinetic transducer (1962-01-23)
• U.S. Patent 3,022,430 — Electrokinetic generator (1962-02-20)
• U.S. Patent 3,187,206 — Electrokinetic apparatus (1965-06-01)
• U.S. Patent 3,196,296 — Electric generator (1965-07-20)

Historically numerous patents have been granted for various applications of the effect, from electrostatic dust precipitation, to air ionizers, and also for flight. A particularly notable patent — U.S. Patent 3,120,363 — was granted to G.E. Hagen in 1964, for apparatus more or less identical to the later so-called 'lifter' devices. Other ionic US patents of interest: 2022465, 2182751, 2282401, 2295152, 2460175, 2636664, 2765975, 3071705, 3177654, 3223038, 3120363, 3130945

References

1.    The present day Denison University claims they have no record of such experiments being carried out, or of any association between Brown and Biefeld.Paul Schatzkin, Defying Gravity: The Paraellel Universe of T. Townsend Brown, 2005-2006-2007-2008 - Tanglewood Books, Chapter 13: Notes from the Rabbit Hole #3: "He Made Things Up" (online excerpts)

2.    alienscientist.com, Biefeld-Brown Effect Controversy, Tajmar ESA Experiments

3.    NASA CR-2004-213312 Asymmetrical Capacitors for propulsion

4.    Bahder, TB. "Force on an Asymmetric Capacitor". Retrieved 9 October 2011.

5.    Mallove, Eugene (September–October 2002). "The "Lifter" Phenomenon". Infinite Energy.

6.    Thompson, Clive (August 2003). "The Antigravity Underground". Wired Magazine.

7.    Tajmar, M. (2004). "Biefeld-Brown Effect: Misinterpretation of Corona Wind Phenomena". AIAA Journal 42 (2): 315. Bibcode:2004AIAAJ..42..315T. doi:10.2514/1.9095. edit

• Tajmar, M. (2004). "Biefeld-Brown Effect: Misinterpretation of Corona Wind Phenomena". AIAA Journal 42 (2): 315. Bibcode:2004AIAAJ..42..315T. doi:10.2514/1.9095. edit
• Buehler D.R., Journal of Space Mixing, April 2004, vol. 2, pp. 1–22, "Exploratory Research on the Phenomenon of the Movement of High Voltage Capacitors". Space-mixing-theory.com. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
• Vassilatos G. (2000). Lost Science. Adventures Unlimited Press. ISBN 0-932813-75-5.
• Paul A. LaViolette, Ph.D. (2008). Secrets of Antigravity Propulsion: Tesla, UFO's and Classified Aerospace Technology. Rochester, Vermont: Bear & Company. pp. 84–85, 89. ISBN 978-159143078-0.

External links

• Defying Gravity: The Parallel Universe of T. Townsend Brown – authorized biography on T. Townsend Brown
• The Hunt for Zero Point – book by Jane's Aviation editor Nick Cook
• [1] – Video of the effect

Biefeld Brown effect electrohydrodynamics

• Blaze Labs Research: What is an EHD thruster? — Introduction on EHD thrusters, ionocrafts, lifters and lots of related information
• NASA: Asymmetrical Capacitors for Propulsion (PDF)
• Army Research Laboratory, Thomas B. Bahder:Force on an Asymmetric Capacitor

From Wikipedia @ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biefeld%E2%80%93Brown_effect


For more information about electromagnetic propulsion http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/electromagnetic%20propulsion
For more information about the Biefeld-Brown effect see http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/Biefeld%20Brown
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New Illuminations –Art(icles) by R. Ayana @ http://newilluminations.blogspot.com

The Her(m)etic Hermit - http://hermetic.blog.com

The Prince of Centraxis - http://centraxis.blogspot.com (Be Aware! This link leads to implicate & xplicit concepts & images!)

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