Tesla – the Forgotten Genius
by Bruce
Cathie
“Some
day I will harness Niagara Falls.”
— Tesla
THIS
WAS THE STATEMENT MADE BY THE greatest electrical genius that ever lived, to one of his
fellow students, in Budapest, in 1882. Nikola Tesla, born 9 July 1856, was then
aged twenty-five and about to commence a lifetime career in the advancement of
electrical knowledge which was to transform the world.
If
it were not for this one man, almost all modern-day electrical devices would
not exist. It therefore seems strange that Tesla’s name is known to so very few
students in our universities. Many times I have mentioned Tesla to groups of
students, during discussions, and have been met with a blank stare, and the
question — “Who is Tesla?”
His birthplace was a small village called Smiijan in the country now called
Yugoslavia. His father was a minister in the local church. His mother was
illiterate, but was known in the village as one who had a clever and inventive
mind. It is said that she invented a considerable number of labor saving
devices, which could be used in the home. In later years Tesla stated that he
inherited his inventive genius from his mother.
In one stupendous lifetime he gave us the whole foundation upon which to build
the industrial empires of the world. It was he who invented the
alternating-current motors that power every factory and production centre. He
that designed the transmission systems that enabled power to be sent out over
vast areas of countryside from a central generating source; the mass production
systems and robot control that freed man from the slavery of labor; the basis
for radio and radar, and remote control by wireless; modern lighting systems by
use of high-frequency currents. The list is endless. No limit has been found to
the electronic marvels which can be produced from the basic discoveries which
issued from this one fertile mind. The whole world owes Tesla its future — and
he has been forgotten, because he was a man who lived before his time.
Tesla was one of five children and even at an early age showed signs of a
lively mind. He found that in many things he could surpass other boys of his
own age, and this tended to isolate him from his contemporaries. He found it
hard to find others to share in his interests and his intellectual attainments
were often in advance of his years. Nevertheless, it seems that he still got up
to all the other foolish escapades that young boys find to fill in their time -
myself included.
One of the more dangerous ones was trying to emulate a bird. He discovered that
when he breathed deeply he began to feel very light and buoyant. He considered
that this discovery, plus the application of daring and an old umbrella, should
suffice to free him from the pull of gravity and allow him to sail through the
air with a certain amount of grace and dignity. He climbed up on the roof of a
local barn with the trusty old umbrella, breathed a few deep breaths and jumped
off into space. The umbrella, not being aerodynamically designed, folded inside
out and Tesla carried out a very undignified plummet to the ground. This cost
him six weeks in bed, and much embarrassment.
His next accomplishment was the invention of a special frog-catching hook which
was immediately copied by all his friends and helped to ensure the demise of
most of the frogs in the village pond. Then followed a series of gadgets
attractive to small boys, which included very efficient blowguns and popguns
the size of small howitzers. Damage to local property caused the sudden end to
the production of such warlike weapons, and punishment administered to the end
of Tesla.
At
the advanced age of nine years he con-structured his first motor. The prime
mover of this wondrous machine was a formation of sixteen may-bugs. I suppose
in a way they could have been termed galley bugs, as they had to perform in
much the same way as the galley slaves of old to produce forward movement to
the parts of Tesla’s machine. The design was quite ingenious. He glued two long
thin bits of wood together to form a cross, much like the arms of a windmill.
Another thin spindle was attached to this with a very small pulley glued to it.
This
was connected by a belt made from cotton to a larger pulley on another thin
spindle. The engines (or maybugs) were then glued four abreast, facing forward,
on each of the four arms. The poor bugs, no doubt dismayed at such cavalier
treatment, beat their wings at panic speed and turned the windmill at a
surprising rate. It was Tesla’s intention to add more bugs, and thus more power
to this truly remarkable machine, but a young friend decided to eat his jarful
of spare bugs. This nearly caused Tesla to throw up, and he ended up destroying
his invention in disgust.
The first stage of his schooling ended in 1870, when he was fourteen. The
college he attended was called the Real Gymnasium, at Gospic. Already he was
showing that he was well above the average in his abilities. He continued his
studies at the higher Real Gymnasium, completing the full four-year course in
three years. It was at this time that he became fascinated with physics and
electrical experimentation and made the decision to devote his life to
electricity. His father was anxious for him to enter the ministry and make a
career of the church, but finally relented and promised Nicola that he would
not prevent him from having his wish.
The
boy had overworked himself so much with his studies that he had weakened his
body and been attacked, first by malaria then a severe bout of cholera. When
nearly at death’s door he whispered to his father, “I will get well again if
you will let me study electrical engineering.” He was promised by his father
that he would attend the most advanced engineering school in the world. Tesla
was nineteen when he began his studies in electrical engineering at the
Polytechnic Institute at Gratz, Austria.
It was at the Institute that particular insights into the mysteries of
electricity by Tesla first began to show themselves. A Professor Poeschl was
demonstrating a gramme machine that could be used as either a dynamo or
a motor. It was run by direct current and suffered a great loss of efficiency
due to sparking at the commutator. (The commutator was necessary
in all direct current machines to change the flow of electricity at the correct
instant to obtain rotary motion.)
An
argument developed between the professor and Tesla as to the design of the
machine and the necessity to use direct current. Why cannot alternating current
be used, suggested Tesla? This would eliminate the need for commutators
and thus increase efficiency. The alternating current produced by the dynamos
could be fed direct to the motors without the use of the reversing mechanisms.
The professor set up a special set of experiments to prove to Tesla that his
idea was completely impractical and made the statement:
“Mr.
Tesla will accomplish great things, but he certainly will never do this. It
would be equivalent to converting a steady pulling force like gravity into
rotary effort. It is a perpetual motion scheme, an impossible idea.”
Tesla
had no answer to this at the time, but instinct told him he was right and that
some day in the future he would create such a machine. He continued his studies
at the University of Prague concentrating on mathematics and physics. Always in
the back of his mind was the idea of the alternating-current motor, and in his
imagination he contemplated many different methods of building such a device,
each time to fail.
On leaving the university Tesla obtained a position with the central telegraph
office in Budapest. His genius for invention was not long in being noticed and
in 1881 he was placed in charge of the new telephone exchange. It was while
working for this company that he had the first flash of inspiration that was to
rocket him to short-lived fame.
He was walking with a friend late in the afternoon in the city park of
Budapest. It was February 1882, and a glorious day. Tesla was in a particularly
happy frame of mind and gave vent to his joy by prancing about, and reciting
poetry. Suddenly, he stopped in his tracks and exclaimed, “Watch me! Watch me
reverse it.” He appeared to be in some kind of a trance and his friend got
quite alarmed at his antics, believing him to be ill. When Tesla finally calmed
down he said, “No, you do not understand. I have solved the problem of my
alternating-current motor.” He then explained how he could see the whole
concept in front of him, as if in a vision.
A
rotating magnetic field which would clutch the armature of a motor with
invisible fingers and cause it to rotate in harmony with it. A concept sublime
in its simplicity. There and then, he drew a diagram of his motor in the snow
to show his friend the technical aspects of his invention. This moment was the
beginning of man’s leap forward in the industrialization of the world. It was
soon after this that Tesla was offered a position with the Continental Edison
Company and spent much of his time improving the designs of the Edison
direct-current motors.
He
also invented a system for automatically regulating the dynamos. He had been
promised a substantial fee for all the new innovations he had produced for the
company, and when this was not forthcoming on demand, he immediately resigned.
If the payment had been made at the time, Tesla would possibly have remained
with the company and they would have benefited immensely from his genius.
It was suggested by a member of the company that Tesla should emigrate to the
United States and work with Edison himself. There were not many opportunities
left open to him in Europe, so in 1884 the young Tesla arrived in New York with
four cents in his pocket and a mind bursting with new ideas. At this stage he
had already worked out the whole alternating-current electrical system in his
mind. This included step-up and step-down transformers for the most economical
transmission of electric power, alternators, and alternating-current motors to
supply mechanical power.
When
he finally met the famous Edison, he gave him an enthusiastic description of
his alternating current system, only to be told that he was “wasting his time
messing around with such things. Edison was committed to the direct-current
system and would not be swayed by the arguments put forth by Tesla. The whole
of the Edison empire was built on the premise that direct current was superior
to alternating current.
He spent almost a year working for Edison, again improving and inventing new
techniques for the production of the Edison dynamos Promises had been made to
him, for the second time to repay him adequately for his services. It is said
that Edison had undertaken to pay $50,000 to Tesla when all the improvements
were completed and the machines ready for production. When the time came for
settlement, Edison treated the whole thing as a joke, so the disillusioned
Tesla once again resigned.
It was now 1885. The fortune he was seeking in the promised land was not to
come easily. He spent a year taking any menial job he could find just to keep
himself alive. At one stage he even resorted to digging ditches. The foreman on
the ditch-digging project was fascinated by the visionary descriptions of the
new electrical innovations that Tesla related to him, and introduced him to as
executive of the company named A. K. Brown. This man had enough faith to
finance an experimental laboratory at 33-35 South Fifth Avenue, New York.
Tesla set to work and in a short time had a complete demonstration of his
system ready for assessment. Included were alternating current generators,
motors, transformers, transmission lines and lights. After examination by
Professor W. A. Anthony of Cornell University, it was announced that the Tesla
system was equal is efficiency to any of the best direct-current machines then
in production. In 1887 Tesla applied for full patent rights for all of his
electrical inventions. This was not approved by the patent office as the
considered a single patent to cover such a great array of ideas was too
unwieldy. They insisted that each important section be covered by a separate
patent. Within the next six months seven USA patents were granted, and in 1888
twenty-two more were to follow.
The Institute of Electrical Engineers were now aware of this genius among them
and invited Tesla to give a demonstration lecture on his alternating-current
system in New York. This was a tremendous success. It was now recognized by the
engineers of the world that there need be no limit to the transmission of power
over long distances. The way was now open to develop the whole industry beyond
men’s wildest dreams.
Tesla was thirty-two when he was approached by George Westinghouse, who offered
him one million dollars for all his alternating current patents, plus certain
royalties. Tesla agreed, on the proviso that the royalty was to be one dollar
per horsepower. Although this royalty was later withdrawn because of financial
difficulties in the Westinghouse empire, a bond of mutual trust remained
between these two great men for the rest of their lives. Tesla, at last, was
being given the credit he deserved. America was his to conquer.
The
General Electric Company, founded by the Edison interests, saw the writing on
the wall and for their very survival had to negotiate a license from
Westinghouse to compete in the rapidly expanding electrical industry being
built on the concepts of alternating current. No future remained for those who
thought in terms of direct current only.
In 1890 the scientist Lord Kelvin was appointed chairman of the
International Niagara Commission set up to determine the most efficient way of
using the force of Niagara Falls to generate electricity. In 1892 Westinghouse
won the contract for the Installation of the 5000-horsepower hydro-electric
generators. The transmission system was contracted to the General Electric
Company. The whole complex was designed according to the ideas of Tesla. The
massive alternators with external revolving fields and internal stationary
armatures were personally designed by him; the transmission line including the
step-up and step-down transformers was constructed to Tesla’s two-phase
concept. His childhood dream had been fulfilled — he had harnessed the power of
Niagara Falls.
Now in his early thirties Tesla was a wealthy man and felt free he devote more
of his time to pure research. Throughout his life he give no indication of any
type of business sense. The mere making of money was never a primary object
with him, and as long as he had the necessary funds to buy all the equipment he
needed for his experiments he was happy. His whole makeup was that of the
discoverer.
He
was at one with the environment itself and had a compelling, restless urge to
pry all the secrets from nature and harness them, in order to help his fellow
man progress towards higher level of being. He had a vision of the cosmos as
consisting of myriad octaves of electrical vibration. It was his desire to be able
to understand the interplay of harmonic oscillations that formed the basis of
the universe. The lower octaves he had already explored with his 60 cycle per
second alternating current. He was now read to reach into the unknown and probe
into the regions of ultra high frequency of light and beyond.
For these experiments he constructed a great range of electrical oscillators to
produce high-frequency currents, and coils tuned to set frequencies or
wavelengths in order to discover the characteristic of each energy level and
the particular uses to which each could be applied. He found that the
interlocking harmonics were similar to the musical scale and that his coils
responded not only to the transmissions of the original waveforms, but
resonated at harmonic intervals above and below the original frequency. He had
discovered the harmonic nature of matter.
He felt ready to take the next step in the practical application of his
theoretical discoveries. During an interview in 1894 he said:
You
will think me a dreamer and very far gone if I should tell you what I really
hope for. But I can tell you that I look forward with absolute confidence to
sending messages through the earth without any wires. I have also great hopes
of transmitting electrical force in the same way without waste. Concerning the
transmission of messages through the earth I have no hesitation in predicting
success: I must first ascertain exactly how many vibrations to the second are
caused by disturbing the mass of electricity which the earth contains. My
machine for transmitting must vibrate as often to put itself in accord with the
electricity in the earth.
He
had previously addressed a meeting of the National Electric Light Association
and had said, in part:
I
am becoming more and more convinced of the scheme, and though I know full well
that the great majority of scientific men will not believe that such results
can be practically and immediately realized, yet I think that all consider the
developments in recent years by a number of workers to have been such as to
encourage thought and experiment in this direction. My conviction has grown so
strong that I no longer look upon the plan of energy or intelligence
transmission as a mere theoretical possibility, but as a serious problem to electrical
engineering, which must be carried out some day...
We
now know that electrical vibrations may be transmitted through a single
conductor. Why then not try to avail ourselves of the earth for this purpose?
We need not be frightened of the idea of distance. To the weary wanderer
counting the mile posts, the earth may appear very large; but to the happiest
of all men, the astronomer, who gazes at the heavens, and by their standards
judges the magnitude of our globe, it appears very small.
And
so I think it must seem to the electrician; for when he considers the speed
with which an electrical disturbance is propagated through the earth, all his
ideas of distance must completely vanish. A point of great importance would be
first to know what is the capacity of the earth, and what charge does it
contain if electrified. Though we have no evidence of a charged body existing
in space without other oppositely electrified bodies being near, there is a
fair probability that the earth is such a body, for whatever process it was
separated — and this is the accepted view of its origin — it must have retained
a charge, as occurs in all processes of mechanical separation.
If
we can ever ascertain at what period the earth’s charge, when disturbed,
oscillates, with respect to an oppositely charged system, or known circuit, we
shall know a fact possible of the greatest importance to the welfare of the
human race. I propose to seek the period by means of an electrical oscillator,
or a source of alternating currents.
One of the terminals of this source would be connected to the earth, as, for
instance, the city water mains, the other to an insulated body of large
surface. It is possible that the outer conducting air strata, or free space,
contain an opposite charge, and that, together with the earth, they form a
condenser of large capacity. In such case the period of vibration may be very
low and an alternating dynamo machine might serve for the purpose of the
experiment. I would then transform the current to a potential as high as it
would be found possible, and connect the ends of the high tension secondary
coil to the ground and to the insulated body.
By
varying the frequency of the currents and carefully observing the potential of
the insulated body, and watching for the disturbance at various neighboring
points of the earth’s surface, resonance might be detected. For the
experiments, Tesla chose a site on the outskirts
of the town of Colorado Springs, Colorado. To the present day it has
been thought that he selected this particular area just out of pure
convenience. It was said that he was attracted by the dryness of the air which
made it an excellent position for electrical experiment (violent electrical
storms were common in the mountainous terrain around Colorado Springs and
nearby Pikes Peak).
But
I believe this was not his prime reason, as will be demonstrated. A large
barn-shaped structure was built on the site to Tesla’s specifications. It was
just on 100 feet square, with sides twenty-five feet high. The roof then sloped
upward to a high peak in the centre A pyramid-shaped tower extended upward from
the centre peak for a height of about eighty feet through which a mast was
supported reaching to a height of around 200 feet. On top of the mast was a
copper ball three feet in diameter. A heavy duty wire was run from this copper
ball down the mast, then connected to the large secondary coil of the
electrical apparatus in the shed.
Power,
which was supplied by a generator from the Colorado Springs Electric Power
Company a few miles away, was fed into transformer system and stepped up to
around 30,000 volts. This was then fed into a condenser. When the condenser
reached capacity it discharged into a coil. This provided a continually
oscillating high-frequency current. The primary coil was constructed of heavy
wire on a circular fence like arrangement about seventy-five feet in diameter.
At the centre, the secondary coil, about ten feet in diameter, was wound with
approximately seventy-five turns on a frame ten feet high. This inner coil was
attached to a copper plate buried deep in the ground at one end and the other
end connected to the copper ball at the top of the mast. The two coils were
tuned perfectly with each other and created electrical resonances in the order
of 100 million volts.
The whole system acted as a gigantic electrical pump, and enabled Tesla to
cause massive discharges of energy to oscillate between the earth and the
surrounding atmosphere. During his experiments with this fantastic piece of
equipment he caused huge bolts of lightning to issue forth from the copper ball
into the air, and manmade thunder to scare the living daylights out of the
populace for miles around. He finally succeeded in burning out the generating
plant at Colorado Springs due to the electrical overload placed upon it. This
did not, of course, make him too popular with the local council, and he had to
carry out extensive repairs to the plant before he was able to continue with
his work.
He discovered that a rate of 150,000 oscillations a second, which produced
electrical pulsations with a wavelength of 2000 meters, was necessary to
produce the effects he required in the transmission of usable power through the
earth.
If we convert the wavelength of 2000 meters to a minute of arc, or nautical
mile equivalent on the earth’s surface the result is 1.0792237. The
experimental value was therefore very close to 1.08 minutes of arc, or one
twenty thousandth of the circumference of the earth. 21600 minutes divided by
1.08.
The exact number of cycles to obtain a 1.08 minute wavelength would be
149892.18 per second. This would tune the transmitter in harmony with the world
grid system.
In the early stages of my work I wondered why I could not obtain pure harmonics
from all my calculations when dealing with physical substance — that is,
exactly 144 for the light harmonic etc. Tesla stated that it was not possible
to obtain pure resonance or harmonic vibrations, because if this were so then
matter itself would disintegrate. A certain amount of resistance must be
allowed for to prevent complete destruction of physical substance. He tested
his theory of power transmission by lighting 200 incandescent lamps at a
distance of twenty-six miles from the laboratory while the giant oscillator was
operating — the energy being extracted directly from the earth. Each lamp
required about 50 watts of power — a total of 13hp. The claimed efficiency was
95 percent.
The Century Magazine ran an article in the June edition of 1900 stating
comments made by Tesla regarding his Colorado experiments:
“However
extraordinary the results shown may appear, they are but trifling compared with
those obtainable by apparatus designed on these same principles. I have
produced electrical discharges the actual path of which, from end to end, was
probably more than 100 feet long; but it would not be difficult to reach
lengths 100 times as great. I have produced electrical movements occurring at
the rate of approximately 100,000 horsepower, but rates of one, five or ten
million horsepower are easily practicable. In these experiments, effects were
developed incomparably greater than ever produced by any human agencies and yet
these results are but an embryo of what is to be.”
Tesla
now had all the information he required to set up a station to transmit power
to any point in the world, but before we move on to discuss his later
activities let us have a closer look at the site he chose in Colorado where he
tested all his theories and found positive proof of the harmonic structure of
nature. In one of his unpublished articles he had stated in part that:
“Long
ago he (man) recognized that all perceptible matter comes from a primary
substance, of a tenuity beyond conception, filling all space, the Akasha
or Luminiferous Ether, which is acted upon by the life-giving prana
or creative force, calling into existence, in never-ending cycles, all
things and phenomena. THE PRIMARY SUBSTANCE, THROWN INTO INFINITESIMAL WHIRLS
OF PRODIGIOUS VELOCITY, BECOMES GROSS MATTER; THE FORCE SUBSIDING. THE MOTION
CEASES AND MATTER DISAPPEARS, REVERTING TO THE PRIMARY SUBSTANCE.”
His
experiments had shown him (as I had found in my own bumbling way) that matter
was nothing more than a complex matrix of wave-forms locked together by
harmonic resonance. The energy inherent in matter could be tapped if the secret
of the geometric structure of the wave-forms could be broken. It appears that,
by calculation, he had found that to tune in, so to speak, to this energy ball
we call earth, he had to set up his apparatus on a particular point on its
surface to ensure that the waves he proposed to transmit were in step with the
natural medium.
Colorado
Springs was one of the ideal positions which was accessible to him. The
position of Colorado Springs is given as 38 degrees 50 minutes North latitude
and 104 degrees 50 minutes West longitude. Calculations which have been carried
out recently for this arcs show that a theoretical position of 38° 49’ 31.629”
North latitude and 104° 52’ 22” West longitude would be the ideal position to
set up a Tesla type experiment.
The exact positions where Tesla built his transmitter is unknown to me, but I
believe it was not too far from the theoretical one.
During my years of research I have discovered that some of the scientific
establishments have been positioned in such a way that the latitude value sets
up a harmonic due to the relative distance from the Equator and the North or
South Pole. Also I have found that there are harmonic intervals above and below
the normal units of degrees, minutes and seconds in circular measure. Division
or multiplication is carried out by the harmonic value of 6.
So: for the theoretical latitude position we have:
Distance
to the North Pole = 51.174548 degrees
Distance from the equator = 38.825453 degrees
Difference = 12.349095 degrees
Divided by 6 = 2.0581825 units
Multiplied by 2 = 4.116365 units
Squared = 16.9444 units
The
harmonic 169444 is related to MASS, GRAVITY and COMMUNICATION and is
demonstrated many times in my later works. The method of calculation also
follows a regular pattern. The great circle displacement between longitude 104°
52’ 22” west and 90° 00’ 00” west, at the same latitude, also sets up an
important harmonic. The value: 694.44 minutes of arc. This is the reciprocal
harmonic of the Grid speed of light, 144000 minutes of arc per Grid second, in
free space.
Tesla
must have been well aware of the importance of the position he chose, but kept
the reasons a closely guarded secret. It is interesting to note that in this
same area the military have chosen to set up the greatest electrical complex in
the world — the North American Defense Command, NORAD. I am not
telling tales out of school here because other publications have already
pointed this fact out.
The
caption on a photo of the command post, in publication which I have, free to
any of the public who wish to buy one, states:
“The
main battle staff position in the combat operations centre (COC)
at headquarters North American Defense Command (NORAD), Colorado Springs,
Colorado, fronts a display area which allows observers to see the positions of
airborne objects thousands of miles away. NORAD (COC) is hooked to all of
NORAD’s subordinate units and to every major command post on the continent. I
am sure the Russians are also fully aware of the significance of this position
and that they have similar military command posts set up on the Russian
continent, so I am not releasing anything that could in the remotest sense be
termed a military secret. From a public point of view though, one of the
reasons becomes clear why the work and discoveries of Tesla remain suppressed:
the military application of his discoveries has been considered far more
important ant than the welfare of the ordinary citizen of the world.
Tesla
was now ready to build his world power system. With a cash grant of $150,000
donated by the banker J.P. Morgan he was able to commence construction
of his world wireless power and broadcasting station.
The site he picked for this station was to be on a tract of land owned by James
S. Warden, a lawyer and banker. This was at Shoreham, in Suffolk County, Long
Island. Tesla’s idea was to create a radio city from which information would be
broadcast on all wavelengths. I find once more that far better than my own
inadequate description of the system, the reported words of Tesla himself give
more of an idea of the magnitude of the enterprise:
The
world system has resulted from a combination of several original discoveries
made by the inventor in the course of long continued research and
experimentation. It makes possible not only the instantaneous and precise
wireless transmission of any kind of signals, messages or characters to all
parts of the world, but also the interconnection of the existing telegraph,
telephone and other signal stations without any change in their present
equipment.
By
its means for instance, a telephone subscriber here may call up any other
subscriber on the globe. An inexpensive receiver, not bigger than a watch, will
enable him to listen anywhere on land or sea to a speech delivered, or music
played, in some other place, however distant. These examples are cited merely
to give an idea of the possibilities of this great scientific advance, which
annihilates distance and makes that perfect conductor, the earth, available for
all the innumerable purposes which human ingenuity has found for a line wire.
One
far-reaching result of this is that any device capable of being operated
through one or more wires (at a distance obviously restricted) can like wise be
activated, without artificial conductors, and with the same facility and
accuracy, at distances to which there are no limits other than those imposed by
the physical dimensions of the globe. Thus, not only will entirely new fields
for commercial exploitation be opened up by this ideal method of transmission,
but the old ones vastly extended.
The
world system is based on the application of the following important inventions
and discoveries.
1. The Tesla
Transformer: This apparatus is in the production of electrical vibrations, as
revolutionary as gunpowder was in war-fare. Currents many times stronger than
any ever generated in the usual ways, and sparks over 100 feet long, have been
produced by the inventor with an instrument of this kind.
2. The Magnifying
Transmitter: This is Tesla’s best invention — a peculiar transformer specially
adapted to excite the earth, which is, in the transmission of electrical
energy, what the telescope is in astronomical observation. By the use of this
marvelous device he has already set up electrical movements of greater
intensity than those of lightning, and passed a current sufficient to light
more than 200 incandescent lamps around the globe.
3. The Tesla Wireless
System: This system comprises a number of improvements and is the only means
known for transmit-ting, economically, electrical energy to a distance without
wires. Careful test and measurements in connection with an experimental station
of great activity, erected by the inventor in Colorado, have demonstrated that
power in any desired amount can be conveyed clear across the globe if
necessary, with a loss not exceeding a few per cent.
4. The Art of
Individualization: This invention of Tesla, is to primitive tuning what refined
language is to inarticulated expression. It makes possible the transmission of
signals or messages absolutely secret and exclusive both in active and passive
aspect, that is, non-interfering as well as non-interferable. Each signal is
like an individual of unmistakable identity and there is virtually no limit to
the number of stations or instruments that can be simultaneously operated
without the slightest mutual disturbance.
5. The Terrestrial
Stationary Waves: This wonderful discovery, popularly explained, means that the
earth is responsive to electrical vibrations of definite pitch, just as a
tuning fork is to certain waves of sound. These particular electrical
vibrations, capable of powerfully exciting the globe, lend themselves to
innumerable uses of great importance commercially and in many other respects.
The
first world system power plant can be put in operation in nine months. With
this power plant it will be practical to attain electrical activities up to ten
million horsepower and it is designed to serve for as many technical
achievements as are possible without undue expense. Among these the following
may be mentioned:
1. Interconnection of
the existing telegraph exchanges or offices all over the world.
2. Establishment of a
secret and non-interferable Government telegraph service.
3. Interconnection of
all the present telephone exchanges or offices all over the globe.
4. Universal
distribution of general news, by telegraph or telephone, in connection with the
press.
5. The establishment of
a world system of intelligence transmission for exclusive private use.
6. Interconnection and
operation of all stock tickers of the world
7. Establishment of a
world system of musical distribution, etc.
8. Universal
registration of time by cheap clocks indicating the time with astronomical
precision and requiring no attention whatever.
9. Facsimile
transmission of type or handwritten characters, letters, cheques etc.
10. Establishment of a
universal marine service enabling navigators of all ships to steer perfectly
without compass, to determine the exact location, hour and speed, to prevent
collisions and disasters etc.
11. Inauguration of a
system of world printing on land or sea
12. Reproduction anywhere
in the world of photographic picture and all kinds of drawings or records.
The
complex that Tesla planned to build on Long Island to bring all this to
fruition was at that time like something out of some science-fiction drama. The
tower for the transmitter was constructed on a wide circular base from strong
wooden beams, with all the necessary metal fittings produced from copper. It
tapered toward the top and rose to a height of 154 feet. Surmounted upon this
was a colossal hemispherical structure to form the electrode.
The
skeleton of this was also formed from wood and was to be sheathed in copper.
Not far from the base of the tower was a large brick building designed to house
all the intricate machinery necessary to generate the massive amount of power
required to run the station. Most of the equipment was of special design and
Tesla had a great deal of trouble in having some of it manufactured. By 1902
the tower and the control building were completed.
Soon after this everything started to go wrong for Tesla. He had trouble
getting supplies of equipment he required and the financial hackers, who up
till then had been highly enthusiastic about the project, withdrew their
support. The whole project crashed. A plan that Tesla had for creating a
similar station at Niagara Falls for Canadian interests was also abandoned. He
never fully recovered from this setback. He was never again to receive the
money he needed to carry out large-scale experiments.
The reasons for this were, and still are, veiled in mystery, and in 1943 he
died alone, in a hotel room in New York, a poor and almost forgotten man.
This small resume of the life of Nicola Tesla does not give anything like the
coverage of his achievement that it deserves. A large volume would have to be
written to do anything like justice to this electrical genius who spent his
life trying to give his fellow men a basis for a new and wonderful world. Why
was he stopped? Would the dreams of a universal power system have allowed the
poorer nations to advance too quickly? Could it be that the large international
companies would have found it difficult to control such a system?
Many
questions — but no answers. I only hope that the students of the future will
take time to study the works of Nicola Tesla and one day endeavor to complete
his dream. The reason for the location of the transmitter of the world power
system at Wardenclyffe, in the Shoreham area of Long Island, would also have been
because of the geometries involved. If the station were to operate at maximum
efficiency, it had to be set up in a position that ensured the propagation of
the electromagnetic-wave-forms was in perfect harmony with the atomic structure
of the Earth. The electrons in every atom of every element had to be resonated
in order to transmit the energy being imparted.
During the first world war the Wardencliffe Tower was dynamited for some
obscure reason, and most traces of Tesla’s activity in the area completely
obliterated.
At the time of writing the initial draft for this chapter I was unable to find
the exact location of the tower site, because of the scanty records left behind
for public viewing.
I did publish a theoretical position in my earlier works which showed a series
of harmonics but was never really satisfied with the results. One of my readers
in England decided to help me with the problem and wrote to a friend of his who
lives on Long Island asking if it were possible to pin-point the site. He sent
the results of his query on to me and I quote a section of his letter:
“I
mentioned to my friend that you were unable to locate the site of Tesla’s
Tower. Well this produced an unexpected reaction from my friend because it is
just around the corner from where she lives in the grounds of the Peerless
Company. In fact the road that runs on the other side of the boundary fence, 50
yards from the octagonal concrete base, is called Tesla Street.
Peerless
replied that according to the highways department (presumably Suffolk County)
the coordinates are as follows:
40°
56’ 50.3” north/ 72° 53’ 55.6” west.”
At
last a position was available for study, although I have not been able to check
the accuracy. If any reader can supply more information, I would be most
grateful.
Computer calculations indicated that Tesla was in possession of knowledge far
in advance of his time. If the position of the transmitter was near correct
then the geometric placement was directly related to the unified equations
discovered in my work on the world grid system.
The great circle displacement from the transmitter to a point of longitude 180°
00’ 00” at the same latitude, was:
269375.57
seconds of arc.
This
was extremely close to the energy harmonic derived from the unified equation in
relation to the speed of light at the Earth’s surface, found in my latest
research.
269364.5
harmonic.
The
difference of around eleven seconds of arc would give as error of about 800
feet, which is not too bad for normal map reference. See Diagram. The
longitudinal placement indicated that Tesla had chose a position harmonically
tuned to the reciprocal of the Greenwich meridian. An article published in the
“Arizona Republic” on Sunday, September 2, 1984, regarding Tesla’s experiments,
contained some interesting information, which showed a relationship with grid
harmonics.
Quote:
With
a pocket sized vibrator, he told reporters, he could generate resonant tremors
that could split the Earth in two. He gave its resonance frequency as one hour
and 49 minutes. Whatever the plausibility of his Earth-splitting scheme, the
rather precise estimate of the Earth’s frequency turned out to be close to the
mark, as was demonstrated during the great Chilean earthquake of 1960, when
geophysicists were able to measure the time it took waves to travel back and
forth through the Earth.
Unquote.
I
wondered just what time base the Earth frequency was based on and after several
calculations discovered that it was related directly with the yearly cycle of
the Earth round the Sun of 365.25 days.
One
Earth year = 365.25 days
= 8766 hours
One hour 49 minutes = 1.8166 hour
8766 divided by 1.8166 = 4825.3211
Square root of 4825.32 = 69.464
In
grid terms the reciprocal harmonic of the speed of light (144,000 minutes of
arc per grid second, in free space, relative to the Earth’s surface) is 69444444.
If we work backwards from this harmonic value, then:
69.444444
squared = 4822.5308
8766 divided by 4822.5308 = 1.8177178
1.8177178 hours = One hour 49 minutes
03.7842 seconds
The
results are so close that I would venture to say that the resonant frequency of
the Earth is directly related to the speed of light.
Another interesting point that I believe we should note is that Tesla insisted
that 60 cycles a second would be the most efficient frequency to use in all the
alternators and motors produced from his patents. There was much opposition to
this from the manufactured and practical men in the field, but Tesla won his
point and, to this day, 60 cycles a second is the frequency used in
alternating-current transmission.
Why? It has been found that one of the basic natural frequencies of the Earth
is six cycles per second. Tesla picked a harmonic of 6 which would be the most
practical.
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Live long
and prosper! Together we can create the best of all possible worlds…
Energy, the
ability to do work, is the most important dynamic, organic, and vital part of
the human drama.
For the past 10,000 years, we have simply grabbed some wood, oil or coal to
make a fire. Yes, our ancestors did it even back in the Stone Age. It has been
an easy way to cook food, heat our caves, and explode gasses in metal cylinders
with pistons. Many believe that we should just continue this human family
tradition, even if our collective population has ballooned to billions across
the planet and the carbon from our campfires keeps collecting in the
atmosphere.
Nikola Tesla, the father of AC electricity,
countered this trend a century ago when he said, “If we use fuel to get our
power, we are living on our capital and exhausting it rapidly. This method is
barbarous and wantonly wasteful and will have to be stopped in the interest of
coming generations.” Tesla further went on to state, “With its full development
and a perfect system of wireless transmission of our energy to any distance,
man will be able to solve all the problems of material existence.”
Another trend that can be called a revolution
is the transformation in the solar industry by multiple breakthroughs on all
fronts in the early part of this new millennium. Los Alamos National Laboratory
has recently broken through the single electron barrier by shrinking the
elements of a solar cell down to a few nanometers. Now each captured photon of
light can be made to generate not one, but two and even more electron charge
carrier. Producing this multiplicity of electrons, a feat duplicated by the
National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), is a sign that photovoltaic (PV) cells
will soon be seen on the market with two to three times the output for the same
size cell as before (Physical Review Letters, V. 92, p. 186601, 2006 and
Nano Letters, V. 6, p. 424). 
However, notably, the only speaker to “pass
muster” during the coerced “peer review” was Dr. Paul Brown, whose nuclear
remediation discovery was praised by the only physicist on staff at the State
Department, Dr. Peter Zimmerman. His company, Nuclear Solutions, used gamma
rays (high energy X-rays) to zap mixed nuclear waste by knocking out one
neutron on the average through “giant dipole resonance.” The amazing part is
that this process was also independently discovered by the Institute for
Transuranium Elements overseas a few years later, also with the nuclear
material sealed in acrylic while it is treated with a tabletop gamma ray laser.
The treated waste has a short half-life of hours or weeks, compared to the
originally unacceptable thousands of years. With the demise of the government’s
Accelerated Transmutation of Waste (ATW) program, going the same way of the
doomed Tokamak, the door opens for a lower energy treatment that does not
activate the waste while trying to treat it, as ATW continued to do throughout
its trials. This is where onsite Laser-Driven Photo Transmutation of long-lived
radioactive waste finally will step in, reviving the fission reactor program,
with heightened security and elimination of off-site radioactive transport or
long term storage.
A number of discoveries in the field have
made zero point energy (ZPE) much more understandable and accessible to the
common physicist. A recent book based on a feasibility study has helped to
educate the public about the available means in the future for using ZPE to
produce useful electricity and even force production. I am optimistic about ZPE
rectifier diodes with “zero bias” as the best solid state means for converting
the quantum vacuum fluctuations into single direction, direct current (DC)
electricity.
