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Showing posts with label petroglyphs. Show all posts
Showing posts with label petroglyphs. Show all posts

Tuesday, 26 July 2016

Expert in Chinese Petroglyphs Supports Theory Ancient Chinese Made It to America


Expert in Chinese Petroglyphs Supports Theory Ancient Chinese Made It to America

A file photo of petroglyphs (Ekaterina Pokrovsky/Shutterstock)

File photo of petroglyphs (Ekaterina Pokrovsky/Shutterstock)



Petroglyphs found across North America have suggested that ancient Chinese explorers made contact with Native Americans. Yaoliang Song, a professor at the East China Normal University in Shanghai who has studied petroglyphs as a visiting scholar at Harvard University, recently announced that he supports the interpretation that the petroglyphs are of ancient Chinese origin.

John A. Ruskamp Jr., Ed.D., has led the research on the petroglyphs over the past few years, enlisting the help of experts such as David N. Keightley, Ph.D., who is considered by many to be the leading analyst in America of early Chinese oracle-bone writings.

Keightley has, for example, said the script of a petroglyph Ruskamp found on a private ranch in Arizona matches Chinese oracle-bone writings from the Shang Dynasty (ca. 1600 to 1050 B.C.). Keightley translated the message written on the rock in Arizona: “Set apart (for) 10 years together; declaring (to) return, (the) journey completed, (to the) house of the Sun; (the) journey completed together.”


(Courtesy of John Ruskamp)
Part of the script found on a private ranch in Arizona reads, “Declaring (to) return, (the) journey completed, (to the) house of the Sun.” (Courtesy of John Ruskamp)


The Arizona glyph site on a private ranch property located miles from any public access or road. (Courtesy of John Ruskamp)
The Arizona glyph site on a private ranch property located miles from any public access or road. (Courtesy of John Ruskamp)


This is just one of dozens of petroglyphs Ruskamp has identified that correspond to ancient Chinese scripts. Earlier this month, Song strongly endorsed Ruskamp’s research in a letter of support (a copy of which Ruskamp sent to Epoch Times) and urged other scholars to take notice.


"Earlier this month, Yaoliang Song, a professor at the East China Normal University in Shanghai who has also served as a visiting scholar at Harvard University, strongly endorsed Ruskamp’s research and urged other scholars to take notice."


Song is an expert in Chinese petroglyphs, whose work has also long supported the controversial theory that contact occurred between Asia and North America outside of what is commonly held by archaeologists and anthropologists to be the case (The common view is that Native Americans’ ancestors traversed the Bering Land Bridge some 12,000 years ago and the next point of contact between the Old and New World did not occur until the Norse landed on the East Coast of America around 1000 A.D., though many scholars have presented evidence over the past few decades suggesting there may have been other points of contact).

Song himself has proposed such evidence in the past. In the ’90s, he was invited by Professor K.C. Chang to conduct research at Harvard University on prehistoric human-face petroglyphs in northeastern Asia and northwestern America. In the course of his research, it became clear to him that the similarities between the petroglyphs in the two regions suggest ancient contact.

His paper, “Prehistoric Human-Face Petroglyphs of the North Pacific Region,” was published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1998. He wrote in that paper: “Many of these east Asian human-face petroglyphs have close counterparts with rock art figures in the Pacific Northwest of North America from Kodiak Island [in Alaska] to the Columbia River [in southern British Columbia and the northern United States]. …The Northwest Coast group [of petroglyphs] is seen as a distinct group by all scholars.”


Left: A petroglyph in Lianyungang, China. Right: A petroglyph in British Columbia, Canada.
Left: A petroglyph in Lianyungang, China, as shown in Song’s 1998 paper. Right: A petroglyph in British Columbia, Canada.


The petroglyphs Song was looking at were estimated to have been created some 5,000 to 7,000 years ago. That places contact or ancient Asian presence in North America long before Ruskamp’s proposed Shang Dynasty contact some 3,000 years ago, but long after the Bering Land Bridge had disappeared.

Song wrote of Ruskamp’s work: “Ruskamp presents … clearly identifiable ancient Chinese messages which were written long ago in the rock art record, and which until now have remained undisturbed and unrecognized.”

He continued: “Miscategorized and overlooked by modern anthropologists and archaeologists (largely due to the fact that knowledge of ancient styles of Chinese writing are not generally well-known, and the items discussed … reside in difficult and remote locations) these unmistakable Chinese writings conclusively establish as a historical event the early trans-Pacific presence of the Chinese people on the North American continent.”

Ruskamp continues to identify more petroglyphs of interest across America. He uses a statistical analysis of the similarities between the glyphs and ancient Chinese script to determine how likely it is that the glyphs just happen, by chance, to look like Chinese script.


John A. Ruskamp stands near petroglyphs that match ancient Chinese script in Nine Mile Canyon, Utah. (Courtesy of John A. Ruskamp)
John A. Ruskamp stands near petroglyphs that match ancient Chinese script in Nine Mile Canyon, Utah. (Courtesy of John A. Ruskamp)


These ancient scripts were not 100 percent uniform, some variance was employed by each artist. But Ruskamp has determined that the glyphs are close enough to known examples of ancient Chinese script that it is more than 95 percent likely the similarity is due to direct contact with the Chinese and not due to chance.

Michael F. Medrano, Ph.D., chief of the Division of Resource Management for Petroglyph National Monument has looked with Ruskamp at petroglyphs at that location. He said he thinks they are authentic and that they did not come from local Native American culture. He wrote in an email to Ruskamp: “I believe you have uncovered something important in human history and had the wherewithal to recognize it and explore it.”

I believe you have uncovered something important in human history and had the wherewithal to recognize it and explore it.

— Michael Medrano, chief of resource management, Petroglyph National Monument

Some of the petroglyphs across America that match Chinese script are likely Native American copies, Ruskamp said. Ruskamp hypothesizes that, rather than establishing a settlement, an ancient Chinese expedition moved through North America. He bases this hypothesis on the pattern he has discerned in the concentration of petroglyphs. The outliers were probably Native American copies, he said.

Earlier this year, Ruskamp released the third edition of his book “Asiatic Echoes: The Identification of Ancient Chinese Pictograms in pre-Columbian North American Rock Writing.”

For more on Ruskamp’s studies see earlier Epoch Times coverage:
Scholars Analyze Evidence Ancient Chinese Explored America
New Evidence Ancient Chinese Explorers Landed in America Excites Experts

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Did China discover AMERICA? Ancient Chinese script carved into rocks may prove Asians lived in America


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Sunday, 7 June 2015

500 Million Year Old Spark Plug? The Coso Artefact


500 Million Year Old Spark Plug?
 The Coso Artefact


500,000 Year-Old Spark Plug Found in Rock: The Coso Artifact

 

The Coso‘Spark plug’ is one of the most interesting and anomalous artifacts ever discovered.

 


Its story begins one February morning in 1961, when the owners of a gem shop were out looking for new exhibits in the Coso Mountains of Eastern California. Little did they know that, among the geodes they collected was a controversial relic that would challenge what we knew about our planet’s past.

The next day, they started cutting into the rocks, hoping they contained valuable crystals inside. Instead, they discovered that one of the geodes contained what appeared to be a mechanical device resembling a spark plug.

The device itself consisted of a porcelain cylinder circled by rings of copper. X-ray-analysis showed a magnetic rod and a metal spring were housed inside the cylinder. The rock also contained a soft, white substance that was never identified.


Coso-Artifact


But the most puzzling aspect of this find was the age of the geode, which was determined by analyzing the stratum in which it was found as well as the presence of a concretion of marine animal fossils on its surface. Geologists determined it could be as old as 500,000 years.

All evidence seemed to suggest the Coso artifact and the white substance covering it had spent a long time submerged under seawater. But what civilization had been advanced enough to engineer and then lose it? Was it even an earthly civilization? Turning to mainstream science for answers would be in vain.


coso_2a


Adepts of creationism have cited this oopart (out of place artifact) as evidence for the existence of an advanced pre-flood civilization while atheists have always dismissed it as a hoax.

Unfortunately, this disputed relic was not subjected to rigorous testing and there’s little chance it will ever become the central point of unbiased scientific analysis. It simply vanished in 1969 and hasn’t turned up ever since.

The Coso artifact and other equally-intriguing ooparts will silently fuel conspiracy theories from the obscure comfort as a centerpiece in someone’s private collection.







The 10 Most Not-So-Puzzling Ancient Artifacts: The Coso Artifact

 



The next item on the 10 Most Puzzling Ancient Artifacts list is the Coso Artifact…or as it should be more correctly named; The 1920’s era Spark Plug that got confused for a Geode. Which if you know anything about how metal corrodes, debunks this entirely. It also takes all the fun out of writing a big’ol blog post about this, so let’s start at the beginning shall we?


Radiograph of the Coso Artifact


In February of 1961, Wallace Lane, Virginia Maxey and Mike Mikesell, who were looking for minerals to sell in their shop in Olancha, California discovered a specimen that looked rather different than their normal fair. The outer layer of the specimen was encrusted with fossil shells and their fragments. In addition to shells, the discoverers noticed two nonmagnetic metallic objects in the crust, resembling a nail and a washer.

The next day, in his workshop at their store, Mike Mikesell claims to have ruined a nearly new diamond saw blade while cutting the specimen in half. Inside Mikesell discovered a perfectly circular section of very hard, white material that appeared to be porcelain. In the center of the porcelain cylinder was a 2-millimeter shaft of bright metal which responded to a magnet. There are the only hard facts we have on the origin of the Artifact. Beyond this, things start to get hazy, and red flags begin to pop up.

We don’t know what all was done to examine the Artifact early on. We know that Virginia Maxey claims that she took the “geode” to a geologist who dated the artifact to be about 500,000  years old. We don’t know who this geologist is, what he did to examine the Artifact, what his real conclusions were, or if he really existed.  Whoever he is, I question his expertise, because this is object is obviously not a geode.


You can see the concretions growth around the spark-plug.


Remember the Klerksdorp Spheres that I went over in an earlier post? This is the same kind of thing. Only instead of making a sand candle, this is more like growing salt crystals. Think back to when you were a kid and for a science project you made a supersaturated liquid, added a string, and watched crystals grow.

Ok, never did that one? Go to you kitchen, boil about a cup of water, take a spoon and quickly start adding either salt or sugar, stirring slowly so you don’t over cool the water, until the salt/sugar refuse to dissolve completely anymore. This might take a bit, and it will take a good deal of salt/sugar. Next take a thin fibrous string, soak it in the liquid and then hang it up so that one end is still in the liquid. Now wait, for a while, like a day or better. You’ll notice that crystals start forming on the string as the liquid evaporates, the more you were able to dissolve into the liquid, the bigger your crystals will grow.


Click through for better directions


Now, this isn’t a perfect analogy, but it is pretty much what happens when you leave ferric (iron) metals in damp ground for long periods of time. The water begins to oxidize the metal, the oxidation acts like glue sticking things too it (like the sand in the sand candle), and the larger the bit of metal, the bigger the concretion will grow. Just like in the example, you need something for the concretions to adhere to, like the string, only here it’s our ferric object which also causes the oxidation.

This is a common occurrence, especially in historic archaeology, where we find nails, hinges, door knobs, handles, files, etc by the bucket full. The first time you see one, you think it’s some kind of rusty potato, but it’s obviously metal of some kind. It’s hard to identify these objects, and you basically learn from experience to tell what they are, when you can. This concretion is also common in underwater archaeology, but underwater archaeologists have sophisticated ways of removing the buildup without damaging the artifact underneath. You can go watch the process in action at the Indianapolis Children’s Museum right now as they clean a cannon recovered from a sunken ship.

Quick recap.

So far we have an unidentified metal and porcelain artifact recovered by some rock-hounds. They don’t know what it is so they take it to a mysterious, unnamed geologist who somehow dates it to being 500,000 years old, despite the oxidation that the geologist should have noticed.

To add to this, the Coso Artifact possesses no characteristics that would classify it as a geode [Stromberg 2000]. Geodes consists of a thin outer shell, composed of dense chalcedonic silica, and are filled with a layer of quartz crystals [Stromberg 2000]. The Coso Artifact not only has neither of these characteristics, but its outer shell is softer than a Geode [Stromberg 2000]. These are glaring differences that a geologist would have noticed.


Cut and Polished Geode


Identifying the artifact was actually a pretty simple feat and the story about it is rather funny…to me anyway, so instead of typing the whole thing out, I will simply quote form the article,  “The Coso Artifact: Mystery From the Depths of Time?”  by Pierre Stromberg and Paul Heinrich:

“To help us to learn more about spark-plug technology of a century ago, we enlisted the help of the Spark Plug Collectors of America (SPCA). We sent letters to four different spark plug collectors describing the Coso Artifact, including Calais’s X-rays of the object in question. We expected the SPCA to provide some vague hints or no information at all about the artifact. The actual answers were stunning.

On September 9, 1999, Chad Windham, President of the SPCA, called Pierre Stromberg. Windham initially suspected that Stromberg was a fellow spark plug collector, writing incognito, with the motive of hoaxing him. His fears were compounded by the fact that there is an actual line of spark plugs named “Stromberg”. Though Stromberg repeatedly assured Windham that his intentions were purely for research, he was puzzled why Windham was so suspicious and asked him to explain. Windham replied that it was so obvious to him that the artifact was a contemporary spark plug, the letter had to be a hoax. “I knew what it was the moment I saw the X-rays,” Windham wrote.

Stromberg asked Windham if he could identify the particular make of the spark plug. Windham replied he was certain that it was a 1920s-era Champion spark plug. Later, Windham sent 2 identical spark plugs for comparison. Ten days after Windham’s telephone call, Bill Bond, founder of the SPCA and curator of a private museum of spark plugs containing more than 2000 specimens, called Stromberg. Bond said he thought he knew the identity of the Coso Artifact: “A 1920s Champion spark plug.” Spark plug collectors Mike Healy and Jeff Bartheld (Vice President of the SPCA) also concurred with Bond’s and Windham’s assessment about the spark plug. To date, there has been no dissent among the spark plug collectors as to the identity of the Coso Artifact. “

So, a definitive ID, and no decent among experts on the subject. We know the Coso Artifact wasn’t a Geode and that it is a 1920’s spark plug. Now what?

Now we have to deal with those who ignore facts in order to pursue their own belief. Included in this group of people are, of course, the Ancient Alien folks, who claim that the Artifact is evidence of early contact with aliens who’s space craft apparently broke down and then left spare parts behind. Also in this group are the Young Earth Creationists who seem to think the Artifact somehow proves a young earth…by being dated at 500,000 years old, and ignoring the fact that simple math once again eludes them.

And so there you have it folks, The Coso Artifact aka The 1920’s era Spark Plug that got confused for a Geode. I won’t lie, I was a little disappointed with this one, but hey, they can’t all be winners right?


Resources:

“The Coso Artifact.” Bad Archaeology. http://www.badarchaeology.com/?page_id=223 Accessed July 9th 2012.
Stromberg, Pierre
2000. The Coso Artifact : Mystery from the Depths of Time. The Talk Origins Archives. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/coso.html Accessed July 9th 2012.
Stromberg, Pierre and Paul V Heinrich
2004 “The Coso Artifact: Mystery From the Depths of Time?” Reports of the National Center for Science Education. March–April 2004. Vol 24 Issue 2. http://ncse.com/rncse/24/2/coso-artifact Accessed July 9th 2012.


From Archaeology Fantasies @ http://archyfantasies.com/2012/07/09/the-10-most-not-so-puzzling-ancient-artifacts-the-coso-artifact/


For more information about Out Of Place Artefacts see http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/ooparts
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