NASA: Earth’s magnetic poles are ‘switching’ with
catastrophic consequences for humanity
NASA•GETTY
The Earth's magnetic field (left)
would be gone, leaving us at the mercy of solar flares
THE
Earth could be left powerless to defend against blasts of solar radiation from
the Sun for up to 200 YEARS, leaving us at risk from skin cancer and worldwide
electronic communication blackouts, NASA scientists have warned.
The US space
agency confirmed fears that we may be heading towards an extraordinary event, which would see
compasses point SOUTH if the magnetic poles shift.
Bruce
Jakosky, MAVEN principal investigator at the University of Colorado, Boulder,
said when the switch does take place, the Earth's magnetic field which prevents
the Sun's dangerous radiation getting through, would be neutralised for around
200 years.
He revealed
the detail during an historic announcement about how Mars lost 99% of its
atmosphere and its oceans that could have housed early life.
He said:
"When the polar shift happens the Earth will have no magnetic field for
about 200 years."
During that
time the Sun's solar blasts are expected to strip away at our atmosphere as
they did on Mars billions of years ago.
But he
thankfully added that 200 years would not be long enough for the Sun to
significantly reduce the atmosphere for life to die out.
GETTY - Earth's magnetic field
is already weakening
Michael
Myer, lead scientist for the NASA Mars mission, added that the Sun had been
much more powerful in the early stages of the solar system when Mars had been
continually blasted, and, even then the process had taken billions of years and
still one per cent of its atmosphere remains.
However,
scientists admit that 200 years without a magnetic shield to defend against the
Sun's solar storms, which cause the amazing northern lights on earth as the
rays hit the magnetic shield, would have implications for us.
The magnetic
shield is our first line of defence against harmful UV rays, and any thinning
of the atmosphere could increase the risk from skin cancer.
Without a
magnetic field, or with a significantly reduced one it could destroy global
communications facilities, power supplies, and even lead to fires and rioting
on the streets, according to some researchers.
There are
even doom-mongers have predicted that a swap of the magnetic poles from north
to south would shift the continents so fiercely it would trigger mass
earthquakes, rapid climate change, extinctions and global destruction.
Geologists
have said the shift event has happened a number of times in Earth's history -
with the last one 780,000 years ago during the stone age.
Alan
Thompson, head of geomagnetism at the British Geological Survey, said during
previous flips: "no worldwide shifting of continents or other planet-wide
disasters occurred, as geoscientists can testify to from fossil and other
records."
Earthquakes
aside, there is a scientific belief that as we head towards a reversal - which
could be less than 1,000 years away, Earth's magnetic field will dangerously
weaken leaving us at the mercy of solar storms when radiation and X-rays are
ejected from the Sun towards our planet.
This autumn
www.express.co.uk reported how there are fears if there is another major solar
flare as powerful as the last recorded strongest in Victorian times, trillions
of pounds of damage could be done to the economy by power and communication
blackouts.
The most
dramatic changes that occur when the poles reverse is a very large decrease of
the total field intensity
Jean-Pierre
Valet, who conducts research on geomagnetic reversals at the Institute of Earth
Physics
But it is
scientifically accepted out magnetic field has significantly weaker over the
past 160 years and it is believed this could mean we are heading for the next
big polar reversal, which could happen any time between 1,000 to 10,000 years
to finish.
NASA•GETTY - Solar flares cause the
beautiful Northern Lights but we are currently protected by the magnosphere
“When the polar shift happens the
Earth will have no magnetic field for about 200 years.”
-Bruce
Jakosky, MAVEN principal investigator at the University of Colorado, Boulder,
USA
Geologic
records show hundreds of pole reversals have occurred through Earth's history.
It is caused
by patches of iron atoms in our liquid outer core getting reverse-aligned, as
if they were small magnets oriented in the opposite direction to others around
them.
If reversed
ions expand to the stage they out power the others, the Earth's overall
magnetic field "flips". [Note:
Other non-terrestrial mechanisms for producing this effect are more likely – N.I.
Ed]
Jean-Pierre
Valet, who conducts research on geomagnetic reversals at the Institute of Earth
Physics of Paris, said: "The most dramatic changes that occur when the
poles reverse is a very large decrease of the total field intensity."
Monika
Korte, the scientific director of the Niemegk Geomagnetic Observatory at GFZ
Potsdam in Germany, said: "It's not a sudden flip, but a slow process,
during which the field strength becomes weak, very probably the field becomes
more complex and might show more than two poles for a while, and then builds up
in strength and [aligns] in the opposite direction."
When the
magnetic field gets weakest, as ours should continue to do so, is when we are
at most risk from solar flares.
John
Tarduno, professor of geophysics at the University of Rochester, said:
"Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) occasionally occur
on the Sun, and sometimes hurtle directly toward Earth.
"Some
of the particles associated with CMEs can be blocked by Earth's magnetic field.
With a weak field, this shielding is less efficient."
Other
experts aren't convinced that there's a connection between pole reversals and
species extinctions. "Even if the field becomes very weak, at the Earth's
surface we are shielded from radiation by the atmosphere. Similarly as we
cannot see or feel the presence of the geomagnetic field now, we most likely
would not notice any significant change from a reversal," Ms Korte said.
One thing is
clear though another flip WILL happen at some stage and our magnetic field has
already weakened.
It is believed
a growing patch of reverse-alignment in the liquid core beneath Brazil and the
South Atlantic is responsible.
Mr Tarduno
said: "(It) has been decreasing for at least 160 years at an alarming
rate, leading some to speculate that we are heading toward a reversal."
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Galactic
core outbursts are the most energetic phenomenon taking place in the universe. During the early
60’s astronomers began to realize that the massive object that forms the core
of a spiral or giant elliptical galaxy periodically becomes active spewing out
a fierce barrage of cosmic rays with a total energy output equal to hundreds of
thousands of supernova explosions(1, 2).
The cosmic
ray electron component of such an outburst is always accompanied by synchroton
emission which consists of electromagnetic radiation ranging from radio wave
frequencies on up to X ray and gamma ray frequencies. A survey has shown that
roughly 15% – 20% of all spiral galaxies are currently seen in their active
core explosion phase during which they exhibit Seyfert-like characteristics.
One example is Seyfert galaxy NGC 1566 (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Image of Seyfert Galaxy NGC 1566, a spiral
galaxy whose luminous core is intensely emitting cosmic ray radiation.
(Courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Kennicutt (University of Arizona) and the
SINGS Team)
In some
galaxies these active emissions have been observed to equal the energy from
billions of supernova explosions. The galaxies undergoing these more intense
outbursts are sometimes designated as quasars. Their core emission being so
strong as to greatly exceed the stellar emission from the galaxy’s disc, causing
the galaxy to have a star-like or quasi-stellar appearance. One example is the
spiral galaxy PG 0052+251 (Figure 2) whose active, quasar-like core is
radiating 7 times as much energy as comes from all of the galaxy’s stars.
Figure 2. Image showing the luminous quasar-like core of
spiral galaxy PG 0052+25. Taken with the Hubble Space Telescope.
(Courtesy of J. Bahcall and NASA)
During the
70s astronomers realized that the core of our own Galaxy (the Milky Way) has
also had a history of recurrent outbursts, that at periodic intervals it enters
an active phase in which its rate of cosmic ray emission rises many orders of
magnitude.(3) Sometimes designated as Sagittarius A*, the core is
estimated to be about 4 million times as massive as our sun; see Figures 3 and
4. But some of the larger more mature galaxies can have core bodies that range
up to billions of times the mass of our Sun.
Conventional
astronomy refers to these as “black holes,” visualizing all of the galactic
core’s mass to be concentrated at a single dimensionless geometrical point.
However, evidence suggests that galactic core mass does not exist in the form
of a point singularity, but as a very dense supermassive star having a density
similar to a neutron star or hyperon star. In the cosmology of subquantum
kinetics, these non-singularity core masses are termed mother
stars (see link for more information).
Figure 3. Infrared
image of the Galactic center radio-emitting source Sagittarius A* seen at a
wavelength of 8.7 microns (red spot marked as GC). Taken with the Hale
Telescope. (Courtesy of Stolovy, Hayward, and Herter)
Figure 4. Stars orbiting the Galactic
center 4 million solar mass Mother Star
(Mapped by the UCLA Galactic Center Group)
Paul
LaViolette, who is currently president and chief researcher of the
Starburst Foundation, was the first to demonstrate that cosmic rays radiated
from the active core of an exploding galaxy can penetrate far outside the
galaxy’s nucleus to bombard solar systems like our own residing in its
peripheral spiral arm disk. He coined the word “galactic superwave” to refer to
such a cosmic barrage. Galactic superwaves are a recent discovery. Until
recently, astronomers believed galactic cores erupted very infrequently, every
10 to 100 million years.(1)
They also believed that interstellar magnetic fields in the Galactic nucleus
would trap the emitted particles in spiral orbits causing them to reach the
Earth very slowly.(4)
For these reasons, most astronomers did not believe that core explosions in the
Milky Way posed any immediate threat to the Earth.
Hypothetical rendition of a Galactic core outburst (from
the video Earth Under Fire, courtesy of Gaiam)
However, in
1983 LaViolette presented evidence to the scientific community indicating that:(5
– 7)
• Galactic core explosions actually occur about every 13,000 – 26,000 years for
major outbursts and more frequently for lesser events.
• The emitted cosmic rays escape from the core virtually unimpeded. As they
travel radially outward through the Galaxy, they form a spherical shell that
advances at very close to the speed of light.
Astronomical
discoveries subsequently confirmed aspects of this superwave hypothesis; see Verified Prediction No. 2.
For example, in 1985, astronomers discovered that Cygnus X-3, an energetic
celestial source of cosmic rays, which is about the same distance from Earth as
the Galactic Center (25,000 light years), showers the Earth with particles
traveling at close to the speed of light, moving along essentially straight
paths.(8)
Later, scientists found the Earth is impacted, at sporadic intervals, with
cosmic rays emitted from the X-ray pulsar Hercules X-1 (about 12,000 light
years distant).(9,
10) The intervening interstellar medium has so little effect on these
particles, that their pulsation period of 1.2357 seconds, is constant to within
300 microseconds.
These
findings are reason to be gravely concerned about the effects of a Galactic
core explosion because they imply that the cosmic rays generated can impact our
planet virtually without warning, accompanying the light arriving from the
initial core outburst.(5,
11, 12) A study of astronomical and geological data reveals that a
superwave from our Galactic core impacted our solar system near the end of the
last iceage,
11,000 to 16,000 years ago.(13,
14)
This cosmic
ray event spanned a period of several thousand years and climaxed between
15,900 and 12,000 years ago. Although far less intense than the PG 0052+251
quasar outburst, it nevertheless was able to substantially affect the Earth’s
climate and energize the Sun. Data obtained from polar ice core samples show
evidence of this cosmic ray event as well as other cosmic ray intensity peaks
from superwaves impacting the Earth at earlier times (Figure 5).(11,
15)
Figure 5. Graph
showing that cosmic ray intensity has varied considerably during the past
hundred twenty thousand years. Lower profile: Cosmic ray intensity at the
Earth’s surface calculated from variations in the concentration of beryllium-10
in the ice record adjusted for changes in ice accumulation rate. Upper profile:
Global temperature. Climatic zones include: the present interglacial (1), last
ice age (stages 2, 3, & 4), previous semi-glaciated period (stage 5a-d),
last interglacial (stage 5e), and previous glaciation (stage 6).
[An
explanation of how this cosmic ray intensity profile was calculated from
published beryllium-10 data is presented in the update to Dr. LaViolette’s dissertation
and in the appendix of a paper preprint available for download.]
Figure
6 shows the position in the Galaxy of the 15,900 years before 2000 (b2k)
superwave when viewed at differing times following the time it passed through
the solar system.(5)
This elliptical shape of the event horizon is determined by the time it takes
the cosmic ray electrons to travel radially outward from the Galactic center at
the speed of light plus the time it takes the synchrotron radiation generated
by those cosmic ray electrons to reach us at the speed of light. As the
superwave expands outward through the galaxy with the passage of millennia, the
ellipticity of its event horizon progressively decreases. LaViolette found that
the cosmic ray intensity along this ellipsoidal event horizon shell fits the
galactic radio background distribution better than any other previous cosmic
ray model. He also found that supernova explosion dates coincided with times
when the superwave was passing the progenitor star’s location, suggesting that
superwaves trigger these explosions.
(5) This elliptical shape of the event horizon is determined by the time it takes the cosmic ray electrons to travel radially outward from the Galactic center at the speed of light plus the time it takes the synchrotron radiation generated by those cosmic ray electrons to reach us at the speed of light. As the superwave expands outward through the galaxy with the passage of millennia, the ellipticity of its event horizon progressively decreases. LaViolette found that the cosmic ray intensity along this ellipsoidal event horizon shell fits the galactic radio background distribution better than any other previous cosmic ray model. He also found that supernova explosion dates coincided with times when the superwave was passing the progenitor star’s location, suggesting that superwaves trigger these explosions.
The effects
on the Sun and on the Earth’s climate were not due to the superwave cosmic rays
themselves, but to the cosmic dust that these cosmic rays transported into the
solar system. Observations have shown that the solar system is presently
passing through a dense cloud of cosmic dust and frozen debris associated with
the North Polar Spur supernova remnant. This material is normally kept at bay
by the outward pressure of the solar wind. But, an impacting superwave cosmic
ray volley would have overpowered the solar wind and pushed large quantities of
this material into the interplanetary environment.
The Sun
would have become enveloped in a cocoon of dust that would have caused its
spectrum to shift toward the infrared. Radiation back scattered from this
cocoon would have caused the Sun’s corona and photosphere to inflate, somewhat
like that observed today in dust-choked stars called “T Tauri stars.”. In
addition, the dust grains filling the solar system would have back scattered
solar radiation onto the Earth, producing an “interplanetary hothouse effect”
that would have substantially increased the influx of solar radiation to the
Earth. These various solar effects caused atmospheric warming and inversion conditions
that facilitated glacial growth which brought on ice age conditions. On
occasions when the solar radiation influx to the Earth became particularly
high, the ice age climate warmed, initiating episodes of rapid glacial melting
and continental flooding.
Details of
this scenario are described in the book Earth
Under Fire,(12)
in Paul LaViolette’s Ph.D.
dissertation,(16)
as well as in a series of journal articles he has published.(6,
7, 13, 16, 18) LaViolette’s prediction that there is a residual flow
of interstellar dust currently entering the solar system from the Galactic
center direction was later verified by data collected from the Ulysses
spacecraft and by AMOR radar measurements made in New Zealand.(18)
For a listing of related theory predictions and their verification click here.
Artist’s conception of cosmic dust and gas present in the
near Earth environment during the time of a superwave passage. In addition, the
circumterrestrial dust cloud, not shown here, would have become particularly
congested with cosmic dust.
Artist’s conception of the circumstellar dust disc
surrounding a T Tauri star. Similar dust congestion would have been present in
our solar system during the time when the last superwave was passing us at the
end of the last ice age.
Research
suggests that the Sun was highly active between 16,000 and 11,000 years ago;
see dissertation excerpt Chapter 4.
LaViolette hypothesized that this extreme level of flaring activity resulted
because the Sun was accreting dust and gas from its dust congested surroundings
during this superwave “storm interval”. During this time the sun would have
emitted super-sized solar proton events (SPEs), intense volleys of solar cosmic
rays, and super coronal mass ejections (CMEs), immense spherical masses of
coronal plasma. These would have been large enough to have posed an extreme
hazard for life on Earth.
There is
evidence that one particularly tragic SPE impacted the Earth around 12,900
years ago, evidence of which is recorded in ocean sediments and polar ice as a
spike in both atmospheric C-14 and nitrate ion concentration, the largest to
occur during the entire Younger Dryas/Alleröd climatic period.(19)
This event happened to coincide with the termination boundary of the two
millennium-long Pleistocene mass extinction, beyond which one finds few
surviving Pleistocene mammals. This is believed to have been the worst animal
extinction episode to occur since the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million
years ago.
It is not
much of an inductive leap to conclude that these two events were causally
related. As LaViolette has shown, the 12,887 years b2k solar proton event would
have been able to deliver a lethal radiation dose to the Earth’s surface. Its
effects would have been particularly enhanced if, immediately prior to the
event, the Earth’s magnetic field had been weakened by the impact of major
coronal mass ejection. Solar cosmic rays in the CME plasma would have become
trapped in the geomagnetic field to form storm time radiation belts and the
ring current generated by these cosmic rays would have generated a strong
magnetic field opposed to the Earth’s field, substantially weakening its
intensity.(5,
12) For more about solar-induced geomagnetic excursions, see
dissertation excerpt Chapter
3 and Verified Prediction No. 10. A critique of the
Firestone-West supernova comet theory is presented in the paper “The cause of the
megafaunal extinction: Supernova or Galactic core outburst?”
The
extinction of the mammoths and other Pleistocene megafauna could have been
caused by the impact of a supersized solar proton event that may have produced
lethal radiation levels on the Earth’s surface.
Abrupt
climatic warming induced by elevated levels of solar radiation reaching the
Earth would have melted the surface of the ice sheets and caused perched
meltwater lakes to form on the ice sheet surface. A dam failure of one of these
lakes would have produced a meltwater avalanche that would have grown in size
as it traveled across the ice sheet and accumulated the contents of perched
lakes along its path. The result would have been a wave of meltwater reaching a
height of 500 meters or more and travelling forward at hundreds of kilometers
per hour. LaViolette coined the term glacier wave to refer to this phenomenon;(5)
see Verified
Prediction No. 12. The occurrence of global warmings during the Alleröd and
at the time of this 12,887 years b2k SPE/CME event would explain why many of
the extinct megafauna are found interred in flood deposits.
Artist’s conception of a small size
glacier wave
land tsunami overtaking a mammoth unawares.
Today,
tomorrow, next week, next year… sometime in the coming decades… our planet
could once again be hit by an intense volley of Galactic cosmic rays. It will
come cloaked and hidden from us, until the very moment it strikes. We live on
the edge of a galactic volcano. Knowing neither the time, the magnitude, nor
the severity of the next eruption or its impact on our environment, we stand
unprepared to deal with this event, much less anticipate its arrival.
Galactic Superwaves: Their
Effects on Life and Society
When cosmic
rays from Galactic superwaves impact the Earth’s atmosphere, they produce
“electron cascades.”
Each primary cosmic ray generates millions of secondary high energy electrons.
Many of these particles scatter upwards and become trapped by the Earth’s
magnetic field to form radiation belts similar to those created by high
altitude nuclear explosions. In just one day, a major Galactic superwave event
would inject into the geomagnetic field a particle energy equivalent to 1000
one-megaton hydrogen bomb explosions (1025 ergs). At this rate, the
energy delivered to the belts after one year would exceed 30,000 times the
energy received from the most powerful solar cosmic ray storms observed in
modern times.
Such
energized radiation belts could cause a global communications blackout by
creating radio static and by permanently damaging critical electronic
components of communication satellites. Air travel during such conditions would
be extremely hazardous. The resulting atmospheric ionization would destroy the
ozone layer, and increase skin cancer rates, due to high levels of UV reaching
the Earth’s surface; the cosmic ray particles penetrating to ground level would
significantly increase cell mutation rates.
Galactic
superwaves may also produce an intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP) whenever a
cosmic ray front happens to strike the Earth’s atmosphere. Galactic superwaves
such as those that arrived during the last ice age could have generated pulses
delivering tens of thousands of volts per meter in times as short as a
billionth of a second, comparable to the early-time EMP signal from a
high-altitude nuclear explosion (see Figure 7).
In addition,
there is the danger that a superwave could transport outlying cosmic dust into
the solar system which could seriously affect the Earth’s climate possibly
triggering a new ice age. Although there is a small probability that the next
superwave will be as catastrophic as the one at the end of the last ice age,
even the less intense, more frequent events would be quite hazardous for the
global economy.
Figure 7. Intensity
vs. time plot for EMP from a high-altitude nuclear explosion (solid line)
compared to that from a hypothetical superwave (dashed line). The numbers
designate early-time, intermediate-time, and late-time EMP phases (ns =
nanoseconds, µs = microseconds).
In March
2009, the U.S. National Research Council published a report entitled Severe
Space Weather Events: Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts; see also
March 2009 New
Scientist for a summary. It describes hazards to modern society
that could occur should we experience a large magnitude solar storm, similar to
the 1859 Carrington
event solar flare. Many of the adverse effects the report describes are the
same as those that would occur during the arrival of a superwave, even one of
relatively low magnitude. The four-second extragalactic gamma ray burst that
arrived in 1983, did have a measurable effect on radio transmissions used for
global navigation and communication.(20)
By comparison, the “minor” superwave events discussed above might have total
energies hundreds of millions of times greater than this.
Close up of coronal loops over a solar flare made with
the TRACE spacecraft in 2005 (courtesy of NASA/TRACE)
X-ray photo of the Sun showing solar flare hot spots
(courtesy of NASA/TRACE)
The
Frequency and Hazards of Minor Superwave Events
Galactic
Center activity occurs frequently between major superwave events. Astronomical
observation indicates that during the last 6,000 years, the Galactic center has
expelled 14 clouds of ionized gas.(21)
See Figure 8 for dates. These outbursts may have produced minor superwave
emissions with EMP effects comparable to those of major superwaves. About 80%
of these bursts took place within 500 hundred years of one another (Figure 9).
With the most recent outburst occurring 700 years ago, there is a high
probability of another one occurring in the near future.
Figure 8. History of
minor Galactic Center explosion activity during the past 6000 years;
approximate dates when radiation pulses arrived from the Galactic Center.
(These age estimates taken from Lacy et al. have been decreased by 70% to be
consistent with the value of 7 kiloparsecs for the estimated distance to the
center of the Galaxy.)
Figure 9. Amount of time between successive gas
expulsions from the Galactic center, plotted as a frequency histogram.
At present
little research is being done on this important astronomical phenomenon. Nor
are we prepared should a Galactic superwave suddenly arrive. International
channels of communication are not in place to deal with the disasters that a
superwave could bring upon us.
References
1.Burbridge,
G. R. et al. “Evidence for the occurrence of violent events in the nuclei of
galaxies.” Reviews of Modern
Physics 35 (1963): 947.
2.Burbidge,
G. R. et al. “Physics of compact nonthermal sources III. Energetic
considerations.” Astrophysical
Journal 193 (1974): 43.
3.Oort,
J. H. “The Galactic Center.” Annual
Reviews of Astronomy & Astrophysics 15 (1977): 295.
4.Ginzburg,
V. L., and Syrovatskii, S. I. The
Origin of Cosmic Rays. New York: Pergamon Press, 1964, p. 207.
6.LaViolette,
P. A. “The terminal Pleistocene cosmic event: Evidence for recent incursion of
nebular material into the Solar System.” Eos
64 (1983): 286. American Geophysical Union paper, Baltimore, Maryland.
8.Marshak,
et al. “Evidence for muon production by particles from Cygnus X-3,” Physical Review Letters 54
(1985): 2079.
9.Dingus,
B. L. et al. “High-energy pulsed emission from Hercules X-1 with anomalous
air-shower muon production.” Physical
Review Letters 61 (1988): 1906.
10.Schwarzschild,
B. “Are the ultra-energetic cosmic gammas really photons? Physics Today (ll) (1988):
17.
11.LaViolette,
P. A. Earth
Under Fire. Rochester, VT: Bear & Co., 1997, 2005.
13.Brown,
R. L., and Johnston, K. J. “The gas density and distribution within 2 parsecs
of the Galactic Center,” Astrophysical
Journal 268 (1983): L85.
14.Lo,
K. Y., and Claussen, M. J. “High-resolution observations of ionized gas in
central 3 paresecs of the Galaxy: possible evidence for infall.” Nature 306 (1983): 647.
15.Raisbeck,
G. M., et al. “Evidence for two intervals of enhanced 10Be deposition in
Antarctic ice during the Last Glacial Period.” Nature 326 (1987): 273.
20.Fishman,
G. J. and Inan, U. S. “Observation of an ionospheric disturbance caused by a
gamma-ray burst.” Nature
331 (1988):418.
21.Lacy,
J. H., Townes, C. H., Geballe, T. R., and Hollenbach, D. J. “Observations of
the motion and distribution of the ionized gas in the central parsec of the
Galaxy. II,” Astrophysical Journal 241 (1980): 132.
Disclaimer:
The synopsis of
the superwave theory presented here should not be regarded as a complete
presentation of this theory for the purpose of scientific debate on the
internet. Those interested in a rigorous presentation of the theory and its
supporting evidence should consult the update of Paul LaViolette’s Ph.D. dissertation (available
in CDROM format) and his various papers some of which are available for download at
this website. His book
Earth Under Fire is also a good resource but is written for a general
audience and is not intended as the primary reference to rely on for scientific
debate.
Disclaimer:
The synopsis of the superwave theory presented here should not be regarded as a
complete presentation of this theory for the purpose of scientific debate on
the internet.
Those
interested in a rigorous presentation of the theory and its supporting evidence
should consult the update of Paul LaViolette’s Ph.D.
dissertation (available in CDROM format) and his various papers some of
which are available for download
at this website. His book Earth Under Fire
is also a good resource but is written for a general audience and is not
intended as the primary reference to rely on for scientific debate.
- Scroll down
through ‘Older Posts’ at the end of each section
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