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Showing posts with label wireless electrical transmission. Show all posts
Showing posts with label wireless electrical transmission. Show all posts

Tuesday, 2 August 2011

Free Energy from Tesla’s Wireless Electricity

Free Energy from Tesla’s
Wireless Electricity
An instant solution to the planetary energy ‘crisis’

By Thomas Valone, PhD, PE

 

“The first World System power plant can be in operation in nine months.”
– Nikola Tesla, 1904

The Wireless electricity transmission system pioneered by Dr Nikola Tesla has the potential to meet our future global energy needs, if only the funding and organizational structures can be put in place as a matter of urgency.

Nikola Tesla, the father of AC electricity, is responsible for recognising that an atmospheric and a terrestrial storage battery already exists everywhere on Earth, for the benefit of mankind. A century later, only a few visionary scientists recognise the untapped renewable reservoir of terawatts of electrical power (3,000 gigawatts) that sits dormant above us, waiting to be utilised.

The fateful decision in 1905 by J.P. Morgan to abandon Tesla’s Wardenclyffe Tower project on Long Island (after investing US$150,000 – in 1905 dollars) was the result of learning that it would be designed mainly for wireless transmission of electrical power rather than for telegraphy. No more money was forthcoming for the project that Morgan initiated, even when the equipment alone cost about US$200,000. Morgan believed that he would “have nothing to sell except antennas [and refused] to contribute to that charity.”

Tesla tried and tried for years until, in 1917, the US government blew up the abandoned Wardenclyffe Tower because suspected German spies were seen ‘lurking’ around it. With Edison as his willing ally, Morgan even publicly discredited Tesla’s name, so that all of the five school textbook publishers of the time removed any reference to him. Is it any wonder why, even today – more than 100 years later – hardly anyone knows who Tesla is?

The rest of this article will present a physics and electrical engineering argument for a subsequently forgotten engineering alternative for energy generation and transmission.

As Tesla experimented with a 1.5 megawatt system in 1899 at Colorado Springs, he was amazed to find that pulses of electricity he sent out passed across the entire globe and returned with “undiminished strength”. He said; “It was a result so unbelievable that the revelation at first almost stunned me.” [Compared with this ‘undiminished strength”, more than two-thirds of current-day electrical power disappears and is totally wasted, due to transmission losses, transformers in equipment and other factors between current-day power stations and the electricity consumer – Ed]  

This verified the tremendous efficiency of his peculiar method of pumping current into a spherical ball to charge it up, before discharging it as a pulse of electrical energy: a ‘longitudinal’ acoustic type of compression wave, rather than an electromagnetic Hertzian type of transverse wave. It was therefore more akin to electrostatic discharge than wave mechanics.

Tesla also planned to include a stationary resonant wave creation globally, within the Earth-ionosphere cavity, as part of the wireless transmission of power. Examining the pair of 1900 patents, #645,576 and #649,621 (each using the same figure on the first page), we find in the first patent that Tesla designed a quarter-wave antenna (fifty miles of secondary wire for a 200-mile long wavelength). More important is the sphere on the top which is supposed to be a conductive surface on a balloon, raised high enough to be radiating in “rarified air”.

As Tesla stated: “That communication without wires to any point on the globe is practical with such apparatus would need no demonstration, but through a discovery which I made I obtained absolute certitude. Popularly explained, it is exactly this: When we raise the voce and hear an echo in reply, we know that the sound of the voice must have reached a distant wall, or boundary, and must have been reflected from the same. Exactly as the sound, so an electrical wave is reflected, and the same evidence which is afforded by an echo is offered by an electrical phenomenon known as a ‘stationary’ wave – that is, a wave with fixed nodal and ventral regions. Instead of sending sound vibrations toward a distant wall, I have sent electrical vibrations toward the remote boundaries of the Earth, and instead of the wall the Earth has replied. In place of an echo I have obtained a stationary electrical wave, a wave reflected from afar.” [Reflected from the antipodean point on the far side of the globe – Ed] 

Nikola Tesla’s discovery of pulsed propagation of energy does not resemble the standard transverse electromagnetic waves so familiar to electrical engineers everywhere. Many engineers and physicists have dismissed Tesla’s wireless energy transmission as unscientific, without examining the unusual characteristics and benefits of longitudinal waves – which are the z-component solutions of Maxwell’s equations.

Tesla wrote: “That electrical energy can be economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance, I have unmistakably established in numerous observations, experiments and measurements, qualitative and quantitative. These have demonstrated that it is practicable to distribute power from a central plant in unlimited amounts, with a loss not exceeding a small fraction of one percent in the transmission, even to the greatest distance, 12,000 miles – to the opposite end of the globe.”

Tesla was an electrical genius who revolutionized our world with AC power in a way that DC power could never have accomplished, since the resistance of any transmission lines (except, perhaps for superconductive ones) is prohibitive for direct current. He deserved much better treatment from the tycoons of his age, than to spend the last forty years of his life in abject poverty. However, he was too much of a gentleman to hold a grudge. Instead, regarding the magnifying transmitter, Tesla wrote in his autobiography: “I am unwilling to accord to some small-minded and jealous individuals the satisfaction of having thwarted my efforts. These men are to me nothing more than microbes of a nasty disease. My project was retarded by laws of nature. The world was not prepared for it. It was too far ahead of time. But the same laws will prevail in the end and make it a triumphal success.”

Tesla’s World System
http://www.teslasociety.com/pictures/teslatower/teslatower2.jpg

Tesla’s ‘world system’ was conceptually based on three of his inventions:

1. The Tesla Transformer (Tesla coil);
2. The Magnifying Transmitter (transformer adapted to excite the Earth);
3. The Wireless System (efficient transmission of electrical energy without wires).

Tesla stated: “The first World System power plant can be in operation in nine months. With this power plant it will be practicable to attain electrical activities of up to ten million horsepower (7.5 billion watts), and it is designed to serve for as many technical achievements as are possible without due expense.”

Tesla’s calculated power levels have been conservatively estimated and recently updated with contemporary physics calculations by Dr Elizabeth Rauscher. For example, Professor Rauscher  shows that the Earth’s ionosphere and magnetosphere contain sufficient potential energy, at least three billion kilowatts (three terawatts) respectively, so that the resonant excitation of the Earth-ionoshere cavity can reasonably be expected to increase the amplitude of natural ‘Schumann’ frequencies, facilitating the capture of useful electrical power.

Tesla knew that the earth could be treated as one big spherical conductor and the ionosphere as another, bigger, spherical conductor, so that together they have parallel plates and thus comprise a “spherical capacitor”. Rauscher calculates the capacitance to be about 15,000 microfarads for the complete Earth-ionosphere cavity capacitor. In 1952, W. O. Schumann predicted the ‘self-oscillations’ of the conducting sphere of the Earth, surrounded by an air layer and ionosphere, without knowing that Tesla had found the Earth’s fundamental frequency fifty years earlier. [Close to 7.83 beats per second; light and other energies traveling at local lightspeed wrap around the globe’s circumference roughly 7.83 times each second, at the level of the ionosphere – Ed]

“All that is necessary,” says Dr James Corum, “is that Tesla’s transmitter power and carrier frequency be capable of round-the-world propagation.” In fact, Tesla (in the Los Angeles Times, December 1904) stated: “With my transmitter I actually sent electrical vibrations around the world and received them again, and I then went on to develop my machinery.” Dr Corum notes in an article on Tesla’s ELF (extremely low frequency) oscillator that the tuned circuit of Tesla’s magnifying transmitter was the whole Earth-Ionosphere cavity.

Corum explains that a mechanical analog of the lumped-circuit Tesla coil is an easier model for engineers to understand. From a mechanical engineering viewpoint, the ‘magnifying factor’ can be successfully applied to such a circuit. “The circuit is limited by only the circuit resistance. At resonance, the current through the circuit rises until the voltage across the resistance is equal to the source voltage. This circuit was a source of deep frustration to Edison because voltmeter readings taken around the loop did not obey Kirchoff’s laws!” As a result, Edison claimed such a circuit was only good for electrocution chairs.

Earth’s Renewable Energy

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Tesla’s World System activates the Earth’s renewable electrical storage battery, which normally sits dormant except during lightning strikes. Regarding simply the electrostatic storage capacity of the ionosphere, Dr Oleg Jefimenko, author of Electrostatic Motors, explains that during one electrical storm, the atmospheric electric field dissipates at least 0.2 terawatts (billion kilowatts), indicating that the entire Earth must have even more total available energy.

Furthermore, the power loss experienced by Tesla’s pulsed electrostatic discharge mode of propagation was less than five percent over 25,000 miles. Dr Van Voorhies states that “path losses are 0.25 dB/Mm at 10 Hz” – which is so minimal it is difficult to believe for engineers who are used to transverse waves, a resistive medium and line-of-sight propagation modes that can dissipate 10 dB/km at 5 MHz.

The capacitive dome of the Wardenclyffe Tower, like the conductive balloon of Tesla’s patent #645,576, is a key to understanding the longitudinal waves. Dr Rauscher quotes Tesla: “Later he compared it to a Van de Graaff generator. He also explained the purpose of Wardenclyffe: ‘…one does not need to be an expert to understand that a device of this kind is not a producer of electricity like a dynamo, but merely a receiver or collector with amplifying qualities.”

Only  a few great physicists, like Dr Elizabeth Rauscher, Dr James Corum and Dr Konstantin Meyl, have realised that Tesla was very practical when he proposed the resonant generation and wireless transmission of useful electrical power. Tesla’s knowledge of atmospheric electricity transduction was so extensive and reliable that, said Jim Corum (who has been funded to continue Tesla’s work): “You just have to do exactly what Tesla did and you will consistently get the same results he did.”

After returning from his experiments in Colorado Springs in 1900, Nikola Tesla stated: “If we use fuel to get our power, we are living on our capital and exhausting it rapidly. This method is barbarous and wantonly wasteful and will have to be stopped in the interests of coming generations.”

In view of our present fossil fuel-caused [or increased] global warming, Tesla seems very prophetic from his vantage point of a century ago.

High Transmission Integrity and Low Loss

Tesla stated: “As to the transmission of power through space, that is a project which I considered absolutely certain of success long since. Years ago I was in the position to transmit wireless power to any distance without limit other than that imposed by the physical dimensions of the globe. In my system it makes no difference what the distance is. The efficiency of the system can be as high as 96 or 97 per cent, and there are practically no losses except such as are inevitable in the running of the machinery.

“When there is no receiver, there is no energy consumption anywhere. When the receiver is put on, it draws power. That is the exact opposite of the Hertz-wave system. In that case, if you have a plant of 1,000 horsepower (750kw), it is radiating all the time whether the energy is received or not; but in my system no power is lost. When there are no receivers, that plant consumes only a few horsepower necessary to maintain the vibration; it runs idle, as the Edison plant when the lamps and motors are shut off.”

These amazing facts are explained by Corum, Spainol and Corum: “…the distinction between Tesla’s system and ‘Hertzian’ waves is to be clearly understood. Tesla, and others to this day, used the term ‘Hertzian waves’ to describe what we call today energy transfer by wireless transverse electromagnetic (TEM) radiation… no-one wants to stand in front of a high-power radar antenna. For these, E and H are in phase, the power flow is a ‘real’ quantity (as opposed to reactive power), and the surface integral of E x H (Poynting vector) is nonzero. The case is not so simple in an unloaded power system, an RF transformer with a tuned secondary; or with a cavity resonator.

“In these situations the fields are in phase quadrature, the circulating power is reactive and the average Poynting flux is zero – unless a load is applied. They deliver no power without a resistive load. These are clearly the power systems which Tesla created. The polyphase power distribution system was created by him in the 1880s and inaugurated at Niagara Falls in 1995. The RF transformer was invented and patented by him in the 1890s. He discovered terrestrial resonances experimentally at the turn of the century, and for the next forty years he tried to bring this global power system through to commercial reality. Today, millions of us have working scale models of it in our kitchens, while the larger version sits idle.” (from “Concerning Cavity Q”, Proceedings of the 1988 International Tesla Symposium, pp. 3-15)

Note that for a spherical electrostatic pulse discharge, E is radial and H is helical since J is radial (longitudinal or irrotational current). This is total anathema to transverse wave physics textbook images of E and H, which are normally perpendicular to each other.

Biological and Economic Impacts

Another common criticism of the Tesla wireless power system is regarding its possible biological effects. Calculating the circulating reactive power, the Corums and Spainol find a density of a microvar per cubic metre at 7.8 Hertz, which is quite small, while it is well known that such a frequency is very biologically compatible. The authors also look at the present 100 V/m Earth-ionosphere field and again find that raising it by a factor of 4 to 10 will pose no ill effects (thunderstorms do it all the time around the world).

In terms of economic theory, many countries will benefit from this service. Only private, dispersed receiving stations will be needed. Just like television and radio, a single resonant energy receiver is required, which may eventually be built into appliances so that no power cord will be necessary! Just think; monthly electric utility bills from old fashioned, fossil-fuelled, high-loss electrified wire-grid delivery services will be optional, much as cable TV is today. In the 21st century, “Direct TV” is the rage, which is an exact parallel of Tesla’s “Direct Electricity”.

Let us fulfill this prophecy of Tesla, making it a “triumphant success” by supporting a philanthropic, international wireless power station installed on a remote island to electrify the whole world. The benefits of immediately making direct electricity available everywhere are too numerous to count.

Thomas Valone

Become educated about Tesla’s wireless energy transmission discovery and the Wardenclyffe Tower’s potential for transforming the world’s generation and delivery of electricity at http://www.integrityresearchinstitute.org .

. Read Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature: Tesla’s science of Energy by this author for more details about this discovery, and other fascinating aspects of Tesla’s inventions.
About the Author: Thomas Valone received his Master’s in Physics from the State University of New York at Buffalo (1984) and his PhD in General Engineering from Kennedy-Western University in 2003. Click here for his CV.

Editor’s note: For a long, long time, the people of the world have been living in a fundamentally feudal world. Humans have been bludgeoned into accepting the blind dictates of remote (and usually unseen) authority figures for so long that it almost seems like the normal ‘human condition’. Humanity has been trained to prop up a pyramid-shaped society in which nothing comes for free, and all your time and energy is heavily taxed by and for robber barons and corporate gangsters.

Humans have long been told to accommodate themselves to their lot – to work, consume, reproduce and die in an endless rat-wheel of pointless activity – as alternative possibilities of all kinds have been choked off, bought out, ridiculed, hidden and extirpated from view.

For far more than a century, oppressive plutocrats have kept us all in a totally unnecessary state of powerless darkness, promulgating profitable wars, pogroms and technologies to spread hate, terror and generalised fear among us all. While we’ve been blinded by tinsel and addicted to the circus entertainments of idiot boxes, they’ve gotten on with the profitable pastimes of finance, war, famine and pestilence - while their programs brainwash us all into thanking them for the advances in easy credit, technological trinkets, genetically ‘improved’ foods and toxic ‘wonder drugs’.

It’s important to realize that the motivations of those at the pyramid’s capstone are not the same as those of the average wage slave or mid-level management. The inbred families of faceless dictators don’t make plans on a mortal scale and their names don’t appear on the ‘richest men’ lists; most of their dynasties predate such confections. Their motives are rooted in a dominating will for untrammeled power - and an insecure greed that can never be satisfied. As far as they’re concerned, if you’re not part of their family you’re not part of the same species. They view everyone outside their genetically intertwined circles as vermin living in a maze of crass filthy warrens, fit only for enslavement – and ultimate extinction. Their numbers are few, yet everyone who’s part of their system is responsible for the destruction of the ecosystem, and is robbing their own children of their birthright – and almost everyone is part of their system.

A century ago anyone who publicly denigrated rulers, kings and plutocrats called a heap of trouble down on themselves. Times appear to have changed – so lets change them a little more, and create a system that the greedy and pernicious can’t profit from; a system that frees and supports every man, woman and child on the planet. We still have time to create paradise for all on Earth if we seize the day; if we all stop buying their crap, borrowing and using their credit and money and playing their destructive games – if we play and work our way into a truly new millennium of liberty, fraternity, equality and prosperity for all!

Free energy is the crux upon which all possibilities can turn. There are many methods to derive more energy from a system that is required to maintain it; see or instance http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/free energy . But this is only one part of a complex series of maneuvers we’re going to have to undertake - which we’re going to find are necessary if our species is to truly thrive, or even survive. Changing the world for the better will take whatever you have to give.

If you’ve read this far, you’re the one to do it. You are the change agent, and all real change begins within; time and energy are what you are, and the tools you use to contribute. Look around – great movements are happening right now, at this particular nexus in history. Join in and help turn the wave of change into an unstoppable tide.

If not you – who?

If not now – when?

 – R.A.

This is a slightly edited excerpt from an article first published in NEXUS New Times Magazine, Vol. 12. No 3, 2005 – see original for more, along with source footnotes
PS – ALL technological fixes bring new problems that need solving.- but Tesla’s technology is a solvable solution and a pathway to hope and success for us all.

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Thursday, 26 May 2011

Radiant Genius: Tesla

Radiant Genius: Tesla

 http://musie.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/tesla.jpg

On the stroke of midnight between the 9th and 10th of July in the year 1856 in the small Yugoslavian town of Smiljan, one of the most distinguished inventors of modern times was born. His name: Dr. Nikola Tesla...

Dr. Tesla was unquestionably a prolific genius in several aspects. By 1884 he had acquired a detailed knowledge of some twelve languages while attending various European universities. His mental ability was also quite exceptional in another way because his mind could 'conjure-up' visual images to represent words spoken to him. His photographic memory coupled with his mental 'animation facility' gave him incredible advantages in problem-solving.

Between 1882 and 1888, he patented many devices which employed the use of rotating magnetic fields and which produced a method of transmitting electricity with alternating currents. To those who do not realize what this means, all the world's modern electrical generation and transmission equipment is designed around the original ideas and patents of this man, Dr. Nikola Testa - who once loved the American ideal so much that he became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1889. If the reader is like most people, his first question would be, "Who?..". It is a pity, but his name and the credit which belong to him have both been suppressed in the "interests of national security".

Dr. Testa invented a unique process for generating extremely high voltages between 1889 and 1892. The type of device which he designed to generate these voltages still bears his name: The Testa Coil. During these same years, he also patented several types of isochronous oscillators. Then, between 1891 and 1893, he patented the Testa wireless (radio telegraph) system and developed 'cool process' electron tubes. Between 1896 and 1898, he published a still valid theory of radioactivity and radiated energy. During those same years, he developed high-potential vacuum tubes.. (the forerunner of all the flourescent lights the world uses today). In 1899 he presented a radio-controlled, electrically-powered submarine to the U.S. Navy... They failed to see any practical use for it and dismissed the idea!

However, one of his most incredible achievements was also accomplished in 1899: and it was not rejected by the Morgans, the Rockefellers, and the Westinghouses of the world. In 1899, he published photographs and papers (to a limited readership) detailing his discovery of terrestrial resonance and the law of propagation of conduction currents through the globe. His paper also gave details of his high-potential, wireless electrical broadcasting station which broadcasted useable power - not radio communications - by transmitting energy in the form of 'standing wares' or 'stationery waves' in the Earth's crust and upper ionosphere!!

TESLA ELECTRIFIES EARTH



During the summer of 1899, Dr. Tesla managed to construct and subsequently test one of the most incredible devices mankind has yet to see. Dr. Tesla had convinced Colonel John Jacob Astor (of Waldorf Astoria fame) to gamble $30,000 on this 'summer test'. The dry goods company named Simpson and Crawford contributed another $10,000 to the project while Mr. Leonard E. Curtis who owned the Colorado Springs Electric Company contributed both land and the use of one of his Colorado Springs power-generation plants.

Tesla had chosen the Rocky Mountains for their frequent supply of highly-charged thunderstorms. It was Testa's idea to tap into these charged clouds from the ground using a tuned circuit. He had already determined that the lightning flashes from these storms seemed to discharge along a specific 'stationery wave' pattern that (he had theorized) encircled the entire globe of Earth. He built a gigantic Testa coil which used the Earth's surface as one 'plate' of a spherical capacitor to the former. He linked them with a dielectric medium: the atmosphere. To overcome the problem of distance between the Earth and the ionosphere (which ranges from 25 miles up to 250 miles up), Tesla had aimed one end of the secondary coil of his gigantic Tesla coil at the ionosphere - the idea being that the charge-crowding effect at the ball-capped tip of the 200ft pole above the secondary would raise the effective voltage between the earth and the ionosphere. This would have had the same effect as bringing them closer.

His device consisted of three main points: 1) a secondary of seventy-five turns having one end grounded into the Earth with a large copper plate and the other end attached to a 200ft tall shaft topped with a three-foot diameter ball; 2) a heavy gauge primary coil of seventy-five feet in diameter which surrounded the secondary and was inductively linked by an air gap; and 3) an electro-mechanical circuit to provide the high frequency (circa 150KC) power source to drive the primary.

The interested reader is encouraged to obtain a copy of Testa's U.S. patents numbered: a) No. 649,621 of 15 May 1900 from the original specifications filed 2 September 1897 under serial No. 650,343; b) No. 685,953 of 5 November 1901 from the original application of 24 June 1899 under serial No. 62,315; c) No. 685,954 of 5 November 1901 from the original specifications filed 1 August 1899 under serial No. 62,316; d) No. 685,956 of 5 November 1901 from the original specifications filed 1 August 1899 under serial No. 725,749; e) No. 685,012 of 22 October 1901 from the original specifications filed 21 March 1900; f) No. 568,178 of 22 September 1896 from the original specifications filed 20 June 1896 under serial No. 596,262; g) No. 577,670 of 23 February 1897 from the original specifications filed 3 September 1896 under serial No. 604,723; h) No. 583,953 of 8 June 1897 from the original application filed 19 October 1896 under serial No. 609,292; and i) No. 593,138 of 2 November 1897 from the original application filed 20 March 1897 under serial No. 628,453. (note: the reader may be able to obtain all the preceding extracts in addition to about 1000 other pages of Tesla's works and writings from Health Research (unusual books department), P.O. Box 70, Mokelumne Hill, California 95245).

Tesla's Colorado experiment was done at a spot very close to where this author's alma mater, the U.S. Air Force Academy, now stands. This author has spent many fascinated hours perched there some 7000 feet up the slope of 'El Diablo Mountain' (the devil mountain) watching those magnificent thunderstorms of the summer season in the 'Rockies'. It is, perhaps, for this reason that Dr. Tesla's words of 1904 concerning his highly successful Colorado test of 3 July, 1899 struck such concord in this author's own thoughts... (from the "Electrical World and Engineer" of 5 May 1904): "...I first obtained the first decisive experimental evidence of a truth for the overwhelming advancement of humanity. A dense mass of strongly charged clouds hart gathered in the West (over Pike's Peak) and toward evening a violent storm broke loose which, after spending its fury in the mountains, was driven away with great velocity over the plains. Heavy and long persistent arcs (lightning flashes) formed almost in regular time intervals... no doubt whatever, we were observing stationary waves. Subsequently similar observations were also made by my assistant, Mr. Fritz Lowenstein... (who later saw) the true nature of the wonderful phenomenon... The tremendous significance of this fact in the transmission of energy by my system had already become quite clear to me..."

"...As the source of the disturbances (which was the electrical thunderstorm) moved away discharges came successively on their nodes and loops. Impossible as it seemed, this planet despite its vast extent - behaved like a conductor of limited dimensions..."

Testa had discovered a process which could transmit almost unlimited amounts of electrical energy to any place on Earth with negligible losses. He had managed to estimate the resonant frequency of the Earth-to-ionospheric cavity at 150KC. It was a good guess; but one which has later proved not as efficient as possible because the cavity resonance changes from moment to moment - depending on solar wind densities and sunspot activity.

The United States has a very low-frequency transmitter located at the South Pole. It is similar to Tesla's process - except that it can be tuned to a frequency in the range of 7Hz. Even-numbered super harmonics of this frequency such as 14,336Hz (two to the eleventh power times 7Hz) have been used by both the U.S. Navy's VLF transmitter at Australia's Northwest Cape and the American Defence Advanced Research Project Agency's VLF facility at Pine Gap in the dead centre of Australia.

It may be significant that the $10,000,000,000 North American Air Defence Command (NORAD) is buried one mile underneath Cheyenne Mountain (also in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado). If one views the planet as a round ball of "electrical fluid" as did Tesla, one can see how a resonant circuit using the earth as a conductor would generate very high voltages at the antipodes of such a transmitter. If NORAD has a VLF Resonance transmitter, then the antipode of its broadcast would be near a very small island group in the Southern portion of the Indian Ocean. Could it be that the still highly-classified, electrically-propelled U.S. submarines 'recharge' their dynamic-plasma batteries there? Furthermore, one wonders even more about the antipodes of the Pine Gap and North-west Cape transmitters. The Pine Gap transmitter sits very near the Tropic of Capricorn and its antipode is very near the Tropic of Cancer on the centre of the Atlantic Ocean's great dividing ridge. The Northwest Cape transmitter just slightly north of the Tropic of Capricorn is, however, of extreme interest because its antipode is directly in the middle of the Bermuda Triangle where many strange electrical phenomena have been observed in recent years... Is not this significant?...

One must also wonder what purpose the gigantic Russian VLF transceiver at Riga on the coast of the Baltic Sea serves... For over three years now, ham radio operators all over the world have been plagued by a somewhat elusive ten to fifteen cycle "buzz" that suddenly appears across a bandwidth of over 30,000 frequencies. The signal seems to last anywhere from ten seconds to, sometimes, three minutes. Efforts to triangulate its source have always pointed to Riga... The signal is a Russian product. It seems to do nothing but jam random frequencies at random time;... but, is it simply a random jamming device? It is known that the signal travels along the same 'cavity' waveguide that Dr. Tesla's system used;... the signal also behaves somewhat like a 'beat' signal between two very low frequency signals;... yet the most amazing 'fingerprint' of this elusive signal is its excessive bandwidths.

The signal must be a type of VLF, high-voltage broadcast. The 'beat' characteristic is formed as it interacts with one or more existing 'resonant-broadcast fields' around the globe. The wideband static is caused by spurious electro-magnetic radiation from 'cross-field' shorts and from leakage to Earth in the main signal. At least one other source of the 'other resonant fields' can be attributed to the United States, whose transmitters adorn the Earth in at least four places... as previously mentioned. It is quite feasible that the two 'super-powers' are having a broadcast power 'war'. This may seem a bit far-fetched to the reader; but when he is apprised of the other possible applications of such a powerful, resonant, electro-dynamic field, he will perhaps join the author in his suspicions.

When a living organism is subjected to very dense and/or very rapidly changing electromagnetic fields, various physiological responses can result - dependent upon a variety of factors. In some cases, genetic malformations may occur; while in others, immediate tissue damage may result in the form of 'burns';... and yet in still others, the effects may be purely neurological causing prolonged psychotic symptoms like paranoia, depression, and hallucination. Perhaps the most 'fascinating' possibility is the use of such fields to 'model' human behaviour within the confines of the field. There would, of course, be distance limitations; but it is theoretically possible to induce subliminal suggestion, sleeplessness, and lethargy through very low frequency fields of some 10 to 15Hz...(which lie in the range of the major resonant frequency of the earth-to-ionospheric-cavity at 14.3Hz).

As Dr. Tesla once observed ,...the Earth is like a gigantic, spinning ball of the electric fluid (or ether) of space... His observation would imply that an electro-magnetic 'thump' on one part of that 'ball of electric fluid' would send 'splash rings' spiralling around the planet only to meet at the antipode of the initial 'thump'. There, quite contrary to one's first thought, these 'splash rings' would not simply reflect from meeting themselves at the antipodes simply to eventually return to the source point;... not so,... not so,... for they would indeed meet at the antipodes; but the vector sums of their meetings would not be 'head-on' - as the density of the transmitting medium is not compressible. Instead of colliding, the wave fronts would actually produce a return wavefront which would then spiral back to the source like a spinning 'smoke ring' (or torroid) of energy. This redirected wave front would only partially interact with the next oncoming wave from the source. This would be due to the fact that both wavefronts would be separated by an angle somewhere between 90 and 180 degrees - depending upon the relative motion of the planet's conductive surface in contrast to the planet's spinning magnetic field.

That angle between the send and return waves could also be controlled at the source by enhancing or retarding the wave pulses' spin moment. If one were to then observe the path of the energy pulses, one would perceive an immense, global grid system which would be broadcasting power around the entire world. The grid illusion would be caused by the energy-density spirals from the initial wave being overlapped by the energy-density spirals of the return wave. Two such transceivers could explain the twin 'grid networks' which Capt. Bruce Cathie discussed in his book, Harmonic 695. If such is the case, however, Capt. Cathie's grid-cell sizes appear to be in error - but only by a few miles; because, if the broadcast frequency were 14,327Hz, then the cell size would be a diamond-shaped 13 miles by 13 miles at an altitude of 158 miles and 12.5 miles by 12.5 miles at sea level.

To tap the energy of such a broadcast requires the construction of a tunable Tesla coil which either operates at 14.3KHz or some even super harmonic of it. Of course, the higher the harmonic the coil is tuned to, the lower will be the power received in an inverse proportion to the increased frequency. The Testa coil's 'primary' would be the high-voltage, inner coil, in this instance, as the voltage will need to be stepped-down. The total length of the wire used in the primary should equal either the full or one quarter wavelength of the resonant harmonic chosen. The secondary should have the equivalent in ampere-turns. Placing a resistive load (like a filament light globe) across the secondary (which should be vertically movable to allow tuning of the inductive coupling of the coils) should indicate to the observer when the system is receiving by its glow. The main problem will be guessing the incoming voltage level. Depending on the field density, it could be as high at 500 Megavolts... which could produce problems... However, if the harmonic chosen is high enough, the effective voltage will drop considerably. For now, this phase of the reader's education must finish until a late publication.

The genius who won the Nobel Prize in 1912;... patented over 900 new processes in the field of energy conversion; received fourteen doctorates from universities all over the world; resonated the entire Earth in 1899 with over 100,000,000 volts; broadcast electricity over twenty-five miles (without wires) to light 10,000 watts of filament globes; devised the system of alternating current power generation and transmission which lights the world today; designed a 'force field' to shield America from air attack in WWII; suggested a process for a charged-particle 'death-ray' (which is now a reality); discussed electrical weather control in practical terms in 1905; and devised a procedure which would turn the upper ionosphere into a single flourescent light source to permanently light the Earth... that rare genius of a man, Dr. Nikola Testa, who had crammed several lifetimes of research into one , was to finally expire - a lonely and apparently forgotten figure - on the 7th of January in 1943. Only time will reveal whether he was really 'forgotten' or whether his work was so advanced that it has required two generations of secrecy to 'safely' administer its findings...


From Stan Deyo’s Cosmic Conspiracy – for more see http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/stan deyo

And Einstien's Relativity Error @ http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/2009/09/einstiens-relativity-error.html

  And Sightings & Suspicions @ http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/2011/02/sightings-and-suspicions-cosmic.html

 

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Monday, 1 December 2008

Tesla’s (Lightning-Struck) Tower

Tesla’s (Lightning-Struck) Tower

 

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 Wardenclyffe Tower was located in Shoreham, Long Island, New York. The 94 ft (29 m) by 94 ft (29 m) brick building was designed by architect Stanford White. The station, including the tower structure was not completed...
“Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point of the universe.”
– Nikola Tesla, February 1892

Wardenclyffe Tower (1901–1917) also known as the Tesla Tower, was an early wireless telecommunications aerial tower designed by Nikola Tesla and intended for commercial trans-Atlantic wireless telephony, broadcasting, and to demonstrate the transmission of power without interconnecting wires.[1][2] The core facility was never fully operational and was not completed...[3]

The tower was named after James S. Warden, a western lawyer and banker who had purchased land in Shoreham, Long Island, about sixty miles from Manhattan. Here he built a resort community known as Wardenclyffe-On-Sound. Warden believed that with the implementation of Tesla's "world system", a " Radio City" would arise in the area, and he offered Tesla 200 acres (81 hectares) of land close to a railway line on which to build his wireless telecommunications tower and laboratory facility.

History

Construction

 

Image:Wardenclyffe Tower.jpg 

Tesla's Wardenclyffe plant on Long Island in partial stage of completion. Work on the 55-foot diameter cupola had not yet begun. Note what appears to be a coal car parked next to the building. From this facility, Tesla hoped to demonstrate wireless transmission of electrical energy to France. Circa 1902.

Nikola Tesla began planning the Wardenclyffe Tower facility ca. 1898, and in 1901, construction began on the land near Long Island Sound. Architect Stanford White designed the Wardenclyffe facility main building. The tower was designed by W.D. Crow, an associate of White. Funding for Tesla's project was provided by influential industrialists and other venture capitalists. The project was initially backed by the wealthy J. P. Morgan (he had a substantial investment in the facility, initially investing $150,000).

In June 1902, Tesla moved his laboratory operations from his Houston Street laboratory to Wardenclyffe. However, in 1903, when the tower structure was near completion, it was still not yet functional due to last-minute design changes. Tesla intended for the tower to demonstrate how the ionosphere could be used to provide free electricity to everyone without the need for power lines. Morgan, who could not foresee any financial gain from providing free electricity to everyone, balked.

Construction costs eventually exceeded the money provided by Morgan, and additional financiers were reluctant to come forward.[4] By July 1904, Morgan (and the other investors) finally decided they would not provide any additional financing. Morgan also encouraged other investors to avoid the project. In May 1905, Tesla's patents on alternating current motors and other methods of power transmission expired, halting royalty payments and causing a severe reduction of funding to the Wardenclyffe Tower… By this time, Tesla had also designed the Tesla turbine at Wardenclyffe and produced Tesla coils for sale to various businesses.

By 1905, since Tesla could not find any more backers, most of the site's activity had to be shut down. Employees were laid off in 1906, but parts of the building remained in use until 1907. In 1908, the property was foreclosed for the first time. Tesla procured a new mortgage from the proprietor of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, George C. Boldt. The facility was partially abandoned around 1911, the tower structure eventually becoming deteriorated. Between 1912 and 1915, Tesla's finances unraveled, and when the funders wanted to know how they were going to recapture their investments, Tesla was unable to give satisfactory answers. Newspaper headlines of the time labeled it "Tesla's million-dollar folly." The facility's main building was breached and vandalized around this time…

In 1915, legal ownership of the Wardenclyffe property was transferred to George Boldt for a $20,000 debt. In September 1917 during World War I, the tower was blown up with dynamite on orders of the United States Government which feared German spies were using it and that it could be used as a landmark for German submarines.[5] Tesla was not in New York during the tower's destruction…
 

Facility grounds


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Wardenclyffe is located near the Shoreham Post Office and Shoreham Fire House on Route 25A in Shoreham, Long Island, New York. Wardenclyffe was divided into two main sections. The tower, which was located in the back, and the main building compose the entire facility grounds.

The tower was 187 feet (57 meters) tall and 68 feet (20.7 m) in diameter. It had a supporting structure that was built of wood. It had a 55-ton steel (some report it was a better conducting material, such as copper) hemispherical structure at the top (referred to as a cupola). The tower was designed by one of Stanford White's associates. The design of this structure was such as to allow each piece to be taken out if needed and replaced as necessary. Beneath the tower, a shaft sank 120 feet (36.6 m) into the ground. Sixteen iron pipes were placed one length after another 300 additional feet (94.4 m) in order for the machine, in Tesla's words, "to have a grip on the earth so the whole of this globe can quiver."[8] At this depth, telluric currents of the Earth could be transceived.

The main building occupied the rest of the facility grounds. It included a laboratory area, instrument room, boiler room, generator room and machine shop. Inside the main building, there were electromechanical devices, electrical generators, electrical transformers, glass blowing equipment, X-ray devices, Tesla coils, a remote controlled boat, cases with bulbs and tubes, wires, cables, a library, and an office. It was constructed in the style of the Italian Renaissance.

Theories of operation

The transmission of radiant energy

 

In 1891 and 1892, Tesla had used an oscillatory transformer that bears his name in demonstration lectures delivered before meetings of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) in New York City"[9] and the Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEE) in London.[10] Of two striking results that Tesla demonstrated, one was that the wireless transmission of electrical energy was possible. A later presentation, titled "On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena" (Philadelphia/St. Louis; Franklin Institute in 1893),[11] was a key event in the invention of radio and could be said to have begun the development of Wardenclyffe.

One-wire transmission

 

In the early presentations, the first experiment to be demonstrated was the operation of light and motive devices connected by a single wire to only one terminal of a high frequency induction coil, presented during the 1891 New York City lecture at Columbia University. While a single terminal incandescent lamp connected to one of an induction coil’s secondary terminals does not form a closed circuit “in the ordinary acceptance of the term”, the circuit is closed in the sense that a return path is established back to the secondary by what Tesla called “electrostatic induction” (or 'displacement currents'). This is due to the fact that the lamp’s filament or refractory button has capacitance relative to the coil’s free terminal and environment and the secondary’s free terminal also has capacitance relative to the lamp and environment. At high frequencies, the displacement current required to charge these capacitances becomes sufficient to light the lamp.

Wireless transmission


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A "world system" for "the transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon electrical conductivity was proposed by Tesla.[15] Through longitudinal waves, an operator uses the Tesla effect in the wireless transfer of energy to a receiving device.

The second result demonstrated how energy could be made to go through space without any connecting wires. This was the first step towards a practical wireless system. The wireless energy transmission effect involved the creation of an electric field between two metal plates, each being connected to one terminal of an induction coil’s secondary winding. Once again, a light-producing device (in this case a gas discharge tube) was used as a means of detecting the presence of the transmitted energy. "The most striking result obtained" involved the lighting of two partially evacuated tubes in an alternating electrostatic field while held in the hand of the experimenter. In Tesla's words,

“... I suspend a sheet of metal a distance from the ceiling on insulating cords and connect it to one terminal of the induction coil, the other terminal being preferably connected to the ground. Or else I suspend two sheets as illustrated in Fig. 29 / 125, each sheet being connected with one of the terminals of the coil, and their size being carefully determined. An exhausted tube may then be carried in the hand anywhere between the sheets or placed anywhere, even a certain distance beyond them; it remains always luminous.[16]

Here Tesla describes two different types of wireless transmitters, both employing a high-tension induction coil. The first, referred to here as the type-one transmitter, had a sheet of metal suspended from the ceiling and connected to one of the induction coil’s terminals. The other terminal was connected to ground. The second, referred to here as the type-two transmitter, had two sheets of metal suspended from the ceiling, each being connected with one of the coil’s terminals.

Theory of wireless transmission

 

While working to develop an explanation for the two observed effects mentioned above, Tesla recognized that electrical energy could be projected outward into space and detected by a receiving instrument in the general vicinity of the source without the need for any interconnecting wires. He went on to develop two theories related to these observations, which are:

1.              By using two type-one sources positioned at distant points on the Earth’s surface, it is possible to induce a flow of electrical current between them.

2.              By incorporating a portion of the Earth as part of a powerful type-two oscillator the disturbance can be impressed upon the Earth and detected “at great distance, or even all over the surface of the globe.”[16]

Tesla also made the assumption that the Earth is a charged body floating in space.
A point of great importance would be first to know what is the capacity of the Earth - and what charge does it contain if electrified? Though we have no positive evidence of a charged body existing in space without other oppositely electrified bodies being near, there is a fair probability that the Earth is such a body, for by whatever process it was separated from other bodies—and this is the accepted view of its origin—it must have retained a charge, as occurs in all processes of mechanical separation.[16]

Tesla was familiar with demonstrations that involved the charging of Leyden jar capacitors and isolated metal spheres with electrostatic influence machines. By bringing these elements into close proximity with each other, and also by making direct contact followed by their separation the charge can be manipulated. He surely had this in mind in the creation of his mental image, not being able to know that the model of Earth’s origin was inaccurate. The presently accepted model of planetary origin is one of accretion and collision.

If it be a charged body insulated in space its capacity should be extremely small, less than one-thousandth of a farad.[16]

We now know that the Earth is, in fact, a charged body, made so by processes—at least in part—related to the interaction between the continuous stream of charged particles called the solar wind that flows outward from the center of our solar system and Earth’s magnetosphere. And we also know that Tesla's capacitance estimate was correct: Earth's self-capacitance is about 710 microfarads.[17]

But the upper strata of the air are conducting, and so, perhaps, is the medium in free space beyond the atmosphere, and these may contain an opposite charge. Then the capacity might be incomparably greater.[16]

[Theories concerning the fundamentally electrical nature of the universe discuss the alternative proposal that all the planets are negatively charged capacitors within the Sun’s charged electrical field; See Electric Universe at the New Illuminati site – Ed]

We now also know that one of the upper strata of Earth's atmosphere, the ionosphere, is a conductive medium.

In any case it is of the greatest importance to get an idea of what quantity of electricity the Earth contains.[16]

An additional condition of which we are now aware is that the Earth possesses a naturally existing negative charge with respect to the conducting region of the atmosphere beginning at an elevation of about 50 km. The potential difference between the Earth and this region is on the order of 400,000 volts. Near the Earth's surface there is a ubiquitous downward directed E-field of about 100 V/m. Tesla referred to this charge as the “electric niveau” or electric level.[18]

There is hope that we may acquire this necessary knowledge to reproduce this effect by means of an understanding of electrical resonance. If ever we can ascertain at what period the Earth's charge, when disturbed, oscillates with respect to an oppositely electrified system or known circuit, we shall know a fact possibly of the greatest importance to the welfare of the human race. I propose to seek for the period by means of an electrical oscillator, or a source of alternating electric currents...[19]

Some maintain the 200 kW wireless facility would have functioned by the propagation of electromagnetic radiation, or radio waves, then called Hertzian radiation [An incorrect assumption; see below – Ed].

By Tesla's own account, his earth resonance system works by the creation of powerful disturbances in Earth's natural electric charge. The Wardenclyffe facility had a dual purpose. In addition to point-to-point telecommunications and broadcasting it was also intended to demonstrate the transmission of electrical power on a reduced scale. He stated,

“It is intended to give practical demonstrations of these principles with the plant illustrated. As soon as completed, it will be possible for a business man in New York to dictate instructions, and have them instantly appear in type at his office in London or elsewhere. He will be able to call up, from his desk, and talk to any telephone subscriber on the globe, without any change whatever in the existing equipment. An inexpensive instrument, not bigger than a watch, will enable its bearer to hear anywhere, on sea or land, music or song, the speech of a political leader, the address of an eminent man of science, or the sermon of an eloquent clergyman, delivered in some other place, however distant. In the same manner any picture, character, drawing, or print can be transferred from one to another place. Millions of such instruments can be operated from but one plant of this kind. More important than all of this, however, will be the transmission of power, without wires, which will be shown on a scale large enough to carry conviction.[20]

Wardenclyffe was the first of many installations to be constructed near major population centers around the world. If Tesla's plans had moved forward without interruption the Long Island prototype would have been followed by a second plant built somewhere along the southwest coast of England, perhaps in Cornwall. Each of these towers would have been a large magnifying transmitter of a design loosely based upon the apparatus which Tesla assembled at the Colorado Springs Experimental Station in 1899.

"... The plant in Colorado was merely designed in the same sense as a naval constructor designs first a small model to ascertain all the quantities before he embarks on the construction of a big vessel. I had already planned most of the details of the commercial plant, subsequently put up at Long Island, except that at that time the location was not settled upon. The Colorado plant I have used in determining the construction of the various parts, and the experiments which were carried on there were for the practical purpose of enabling me to design the transmitters and receivers which I was to employ in the large commercial plant subsequently erected..."[21]

Using a global array of these magnifying transmitters, it was Tesla's plan to establish what he called the "World System," providing multi-channel global broadcasting, an array of secure wireless telecommunications services, and a long range aid to navigation, including means for the precise synchronization of clocks. In a more highly developed state he envisioned the World System would expand to include the wireless industrial transmission of electric power.[22]

The installation was also used by Tesla as a laboratory for designing a power distribution system that would allow electricity to be transmitted over great distances without wires. This cannot be accomplished with what Tesla called "Hertz waves," which explains why Wardenclyffe was designed in a different manner than modern radio transmitters. Instead of distributing electricity through copper wire, remote users would be able to "receive" power through a buried ground connection, along with a spherical antenna terminal mounted just above their roof. [Modern versions of the ‘shem’ stones atop the buildings, pediments and columns in the interconnected cities and settlements of the ancients – Ed]. At the time the power grid was quite limited in terms of who it reached and the Wardenclyffe prototype represented a way in which to significantly reduce the cost of "electrifying" the countryside. Tesla called his wireless technique the "disturbed charge of ground and air method".[23]

The prototype facility was also meant to serve as a reduced-scale model for a national (and later global) system of towers to transmit electrical energy to users in the form of earth currents and magnetohydrodynamic waves. There is evidence that Wardenclyffe would have used extremely low frequency signals combined with higher frequency signals. In practice, the transmitter electrically influences both the Earth and the space above it. He made a point of describing the process as being essentially the same as transmitting electricity by conduction through a wire. Tesla stated that electrical energy can be efficiently transmitted back and forth between World System transmitter / receiver facilities via electrical conduction through the ground. To accommodate this plan each facility includes one or two elevated terminal connections and one or two ground terminal connections.

Tesla clearly specified the Earth as being one of the conducting media involved in ground and air system technology. The other specified medium is the atmosphere above 5 miles (8.0 km) elevation. While not an ohmic conductor, in this region of the troposphere and upwards, the density or pressure is sufficiently reduced to so that, according to Tesla’s theory, the atmosphere’s insulating properties can be easily impaired, allowing an electric current to flow. His theory further states that the conducting region is developed through the process of atmospheric ionization, in which the effected portions thereof are changed to plasma. The presence of the magnetic fields developed by each plant’s helical resonator suggests that an embedded magnetic field and flux linkage is also involved. Flux linkage with Earth’s natural magnetic field is also a possibility, especially in the case of an earth resonance transmission system.

The atmosphere below 5 miles (8.0 km) is also viewed as a propagating medium for a portion of the above-ground circuit, and, being an insulating medium, electrostatic induction would be involved rather than true electrical conduction. Tesla felt that with a sufficiently high electrical potential on the elevated terminal the practical limitation imposed upon its height could be overcome. He anticipated that a highly energetic transmitter, as was intended at Wardenclyffe, would charge the elevated terminal to the point where the atmosphere around and above the facility would break down and become ionized, leading to a flow of true conduction currents between the two terminals by a path up to and through the troposphere, and back down to the other facility. 

The ionization of the atmosphere directly above the elevated terminals would be facilitated by the use of an ionizing beam of ultraviolet radiation to form what might be called a high-voltage plasma transmission line (see maxwellian waves and waves in plasmas). Powered by an industrial alternator, a generator facility's tower was intended to inject large amounts of energy into a natural Earth circuit, using the Earth-Ionosphere network as the transmission circuit.

In various writings, Tesla explained that the Earth itself behaves as a resonant LC circuit when it is electrically excited at certain frequencies. At Wardenclyffe he operated at frequencies ranging from 1,000 Hz to 100 kHz. Tesla found the frequency range up to 30 – 35 kHz “to be most economical.” Excitation of earth resonance at or near a fundamental frequency (about 7.5 to 7.9 Hz), might suggest the utilization of what is now known as a Schumann resonance mode.

The entire Earth can be electrically resonated with a single type-two source, so an earth-resonance based system would require, at a minimum, that only one generating facility be constructed. Alternatively, two distantly spaced type-one generating facilities could be constructed. Such a system would not be so dependent upon the excitation of an earth-resonance mode. In either case a surface or ground wave, similar to the Zenneck wave would be utilized. Artificially induced earth currents would be utilized. According to Tesla, the planet's large cross-sectional area provides a low resistance path for the flow of earth currents. The greatest losses are apt to occur at the points where the transmitting / receiving plants and dedicated receiving stations are connected with the ground. This is why Tesla stated,

“You see the underground work is one of the most expensive parts of the tower. In this system that I have invented it is necessary for the machine to get a grip of the Earth, otherwise it cannot shake the Earth. It has to have a grip on the Earth so that the whole of this globe can quiver, and to do that it is necessary to carry out a very expensive construction.”[24]

To close the circuit a second path would be established between the two type-one plants' elevated high-voltage terminals through the rarefied atmospheric strata above five miles (8 km). The connection would be made by some combination of electrostatic induction and electrical conduction through plasma. While a number of his wireless patents, including "Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy", U.S. Patent No. 1,119,732, December 1, 1914, describe a system which uses the plasma-conduction scheme, his "Art of transmitting electrical energy through the natural mediums", U.S. Patent No. 787,412, April 18, 1905 and some of his Wardenclyffe design notes from 1901 show that he also had a plan to electrostatically induce oscillations in the potential associated with Earth's self-capacitance by rapidly transferring large amounts of electrical charge between the large topload capacitance and the self-capacitance of the whole Earth. The type-two transmitter is especially designed for this purpose. Tesla wrote,

“The specific plan of producing the stationary waves, here-in described, might be departed from. For example, the circuit which impresses the powerful oscillations upon the earth might be connected to the latter at two points.”[25]

Tesla firmly believed that a fully developed system with generating stations based upon the Wardenclyffe prototype would permit wireless transmission and reception across large distances with negligible losses.[26][27][28][29]

Electrical reception

 

Variants were suggested by Tesla for receiving power from electromagnetic radiation, or alternating electric near fields, of practicable frequency, and for exploiting the vertical voltage gradient in the Earth's atmosphere. Tesla performed experiments of the former type with some success, particularly in the area of receiving what was probably the near electric field of a large transmitting Tesla coil some distance away. He felt that several of his experiments were operating on a basis of Hertzian waves, electromagnetic waves propagated in space without artificial guide.[30]

Tesla stated that one of the seven features of this world wireless system was the construction of a "resonant receiver".[31] The secondary of a Tesla Coil and its capacitor can be used in receive mode.[32][33][34][35][36][37] Tesla himself demonstrated wireless transmission of electric power from his transmitter to his receiver. These concepts and methods are part of his wireless transmission of electric power distribution system (US1119732 — Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy — 1902 January 18). Tesla made a proposal that there needed to be "thirty" such antennas worldwide.[38] The receiving circuit of these towers are each connected with a condenser and a device adapted to open and close the receiving circuit at predetermined intervals of time.[39] 

The Tesla Coil receiver has means for commutating, directing, or selecting the current impulses in the charging circuit so as to render them suitable for charging the storage device, a device for closing the receiving-circuit, and means for causing the receiver to be operated by the energy accumulated.[40]

Tesla coil in one experiment of many conducted in Colorado Springs. This is a grounded tuned coil in resonance with a distant transmitter; Light is glowing near the bottom.

A Tesla Antenna[41][42][43][44] as a receiver acts as a step-down transformer with high current output.[45] The parameters of a Tesla Coil transmitter are identically applicable to it being a receiver (e.g., an antenna circuit), due to reciprocity. Impedance, though, is not applied in an obvious way; for electrical impedance, the impedance at the load (e.g., where the power is consumed) is most critical and, for a Tesla Coil receiver, this is at the point of utilization (such as at an induction motor) rather than at the receiving node. Complex impedance of an antenna is related to the electrical length of the antenna at the wavelength in use. Commonly, impedance is adjusted at the load with a tuner or a matching network composed of inductors and capacitors.

A Tesla Coil can receive electromagnetic impulses[46] from atmospheric electricity[47][48][49] and radiant energy,[50][51] besides normal wireless transmissions. Radiant energy throws off strongly electrified minute particles with great velocity, and other rays falling on the insulated-conductor connected to a condenser (i.e., a capacitor) can cause the condenser to indefinitely charge electrically.[52] The helical resonator can be "shock excited" due to radiant energy disturbances, not only at the fundamental wave at one-quarter wave-length but also is excited at its harmonics. Hertzian methods can be used to excite the Tesla Antenna, though with limitations which result in great disadvantages for utilization.[53]

The methods of ground conduction and the various induction methods can also be used to excite the Tesla Antenna, but are again at disadvantages for utilization.[54] The charging-circuit can be adapted to be energized by the action of various other disturbances and effects at a distance. Arbitrary and intermittent oscillations that are propagated via conduction to the receiving resonator will charge the receiver's capacitor and utilize the potential energy to greater effect.[55] Various radiations can be used to charge and discharge conductors, with the radiations considered electromagnetic vibrations of various wavelengths and ionizing potential.[56]

The Tesla Antenna utilizes the effects or disturbances to charge a storage device with energy from an external source (natural or man-made) and controls the charging of said device by the actions of the effects or disturbances (during succeeding intervals of time determined by means of such effects and disturbances corresponding in succession and duration of the effects and disturbances).[57] The stored energy can also be used to operate the receiving device. The accumulated energy can, for example, operate a transformer by discharging through a primary circuit at predetermined times which, from the secondary currents, operate the receiving device.[58]

While Tesla Coils can be used for these purposes, much of the public and media attention is toward the transmitting applications of the Tesla Coil, since the plasma discharges are fascinating to most people. Regardless of this fact, Tesla did suggest that this variation of the Tesla coil could utilize the phantom loop effect to form a circuit to induct energy from the Earth's magnetic field and other radiant energy sources (including, but not limited to, electrostatics[59]). With regard to Tesla's statements on the harnessing of natural phenomena to obtain electric power, he stated:

“Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point of the universe. — "Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency" (February 1892)

Tesla stated that the output power from these devices, attained from Hertzian methods of charging, was low,[60] but alternative charging means are available. Tesla receivers operated correctly act as a step-down transformer with high current output.[61] There are, to date, no commercial power generation entities or businesses that have utilized this technology to full effect. The power levels achieved by Tesla Coil receivers have, thus far, been a fraction of the output power of the transmitters.[citation needed]

Ignoring earth currents and other natural electromagnetic phenomena, the Tesla antenna can only receive atmospheric electricity's total power of all the sky-to-ground lightning everywhere on Earth from moment to moment  - which has been stated at 700 megawatts.[62] By comparison, a typical fossil fuel power plant (such as oil or gas) feeding the utility grid may have two gas turbines and a single steam turbine utilizing the heat from the discharged flue gas of the gas turbines, with each of the three turbines rated at 100 megawatts. On the load side, 700 MW is seen to correspond to two million parsimonious households averaging 350 watts of power use, contrasted with a world population of over six billion people [Other much higher estimates of total power available within the Earth-ionosphere cavity have been made; see Free Energy endnotes – Ed]

As regards methods, atmospheric electricity includes static electricity and other phenomena. Modern HVDC technology inverts DC at such voltages to AC well enough to be very popular for use in the power grid; a Tesla coil variant is not the only way to do this, nor necessarily the best way, either for atmospheric electricity or telluric power.[63] Earth's surface has a negative charge and the atmosphere has a positive charge…

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And see

The Her(m)etic Hermit - http://hermetic.blog.com





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From the New Illuminati – http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com