Atlantis and Cro-Magnon Man

Atlantis and Cro-Magnon Man

 

by R. Cedric Leonard

 

An anthropological fact usually ignored in popular TV shows and documentaries is that there are notable differences between the Eastern and Western types of Upper Paleolithic man. In such shows the terms Cro-Magnon and modern man are used as if they were synonymous, whereas strictly speaking they are not. All Cro-Magnons are Modern, but all Moderns are not Cro-Magnon. Eastern European types are significantly different from "western" Cro-Magnon Man, both physically and culturally. 

 

The student of Atlantis should also be aware that Cro-Magnon Man's geographical distribution has always been limited to the areas of Europe and North Africa lying closest to the long-lost "Island of Atlantis". His distribution pattern includes a number of nearby Atlantic islands. 

 

He may also be found in certain portions of North and South America—even as far south as Tierra del Fuego where 10,000-12,000 year-old Cro-Magnon skeletons have been found (Torres, 1986; Nami, 1996, et al.). These distinctions assume greater importance when Atlantis is viewed as the possible source of the type known as Cro-Magnon. 

 

Non-Atlantean Types

 

The Upper Paleolithic Age covers the period from circa. 38,000-10,000 B.C. During this period two main physical types of Modern Man flourished throughout Europe, Asia and Africa—the eastern and western. The "western" is known as Cro-Magnon, but the "eastern" are known by various other names, such as Brünn Man, Predmost, or Combe Capelle (wherever the remains were first found). These eastern types are generally shorter, more gracile, and rather smaller-brained than Cro-Magnon. The latter carries no implication of lesser or greater intelligence, and is given here only as a defining characteristic—Neanderthal had a larger brain than either. Average stature of the Combe Capelle Man was about five feet four inches, whereas Cro-Magnon Man averages almost five feet eleven inches. 

 

There is so much similarity between the various eastern European types that they are commonly lumped together as one. The late Dr. Carleton S. Coon of Harvard University wrote: "Despite the general homogeneity of Upper Paleolithic Man, these two groups, the western and the eastern, may be shown to have differed from each other in certain well-defined ways." (Coon, 1939) In other words, "western" Cro-Magnon Man differs from all the other "eastern" types. 

 

Predmost Skull	Combe Capelle Skull
Date: 37,000 (± 200) B.C.	Date: 38,000 (± 200) B.C.

Non-Cro-Magnon "eastern" type skulls from Moravia, Czekoslovakia

 

The tool assemblage associated with these "eastern" types is known as the Perigordian, and is merely a continuation of the earlier Neanderthal's toolkit (the Mousterian), whereas the various Cro-Magnon tool assemblages are definitely not. According to Prof. Bordes (1968), Combe Capelle is not an invader bringing with him a Lower Perigordian culture: the Perigordian tool industry did not come from elsewhere, but was only a continuation of the Mousterian tool industry of Neanderthal Man. 

 

The beautiful cave paintings found throughout the Pyrenees and Cantabrian mountains which have become world famous are the work of Cro-Magnon. The art impulse of the "eastern" branch of Upper Paleolithic mankind seems to be dominated by small, carved female "fertility" images. 

 

Anthropologists are pretty much in agreement that the "eastern" types of Modern Man originated in East Africa, eventually winding their way through the Middle East into Europe.* That these "eastern" types were clearly wanderers is indicated by their extremely thin and widely scattered occupation sites. Such sites are more or less evenly distributed throughout Europe and the Middle East with no "clustering" toward the east or west. 

 

In contrast, Cro-Magnon sites are usually thick (indicating long, settled occupation in one place) and are definitely clustered toward the western portions of both continents (Europe and Africa). Remains of structures have been found indicating that both "eastern" and "western" Upper Paleolithic man commonly lived in houses of some sort, and not in caves as commonly assumed. (Pfeiffer, 1969) 

 

The Atlantean Invasions

 

 

Near the date of 35,000 B.C., a few thousand years after the first appearance in Europe of Modern Man, a taller, more powerfully built, more rugged man suddenly "invades" the western shores of Europe and North Africa (Bordes, 1968; Clark, 1970; Coon, 1954). This rugged, innovative, large-brained man is dubbed Cro-Magnon, named after the first specimen discovered at Cro-Magnon Cave a few miles from Aurignac; consequently, his tool assemblage was labeled "Aurignacian". 

 

According to Prof. Francois Bordes, world renowned archeologist and former director of the Laboratory of Prehistory at the University of Bordeaux, the Aurignacian tool tradition without doubt originates outside of Europe, ready-made, although from where is still a mystery (Bordes, 1968). 

 

Dr. John E. Pfeiffer, professor of anthropology at Rutgers University observes: "The Aurignacian is quite distinct from the Perigordian"; they arrive "from some area outside of Western Europe"; with an already "established way of life." Archeologist Frank Hibben states that the Aurignacian industry is "indubitably non-European in origin"; adding that subsequent excavations and studies have shown that it is "far more complex than previously supposed." (Hibben, 1958) The Aurignacian is also the longest lasting of all Cro-Magnon cultures. Pfeiffer further observes:

"The very coexistence of the Perigordians and Aurignacians in France raises some questions that cannot be answered at present. They apparently hunted in the same regions under the same conditions during the same general period, living as contemporaries for thousands of years. Yet they seem not to have influenced one another appreciably, a surprising state of affairs considering man's capacity for minding his neighbor's business." (Pfeiffer, 1969) 

 

 

Then along about 18,000 B.C. the Aurignacian culture is "interrupted" by the next invasion known as the Solutrean. Only a few examples of Solutrean cave art are known: the cave loci at Aragon and Levante (Spain), and a few open-air sites in Andalucia and Extramadura (Bicho, et al., 2007). However, the Solutreans excelled in the production of extremely delicate blades (an artform in itself): they may also have introduced the use of the bow-and-arrow (Pfeiffer, 1969). 

 

But after a mere four thousand years—circa.14,000 B.C.—the so-called Magdalenian invasion occurs, in which the harpoon first appears. These "invasions" are all associated with waves of Cro-Magnon occupation. No formative, or "gestation," stages have ever been found on any continent for any of the Cro-Magnon tool industries. Were they all developed—in Atlantis? 

 

"The evidence tells of a powerful people who could live where they wanted to live . . . And there is more than that in the record. Life was changing in response to . . . events which involved geological forces and caused a major population explosion. Surviving signs of the change are everywhere. The most recent Magdalenians . . . occupied three to four times more sites than their predecessors, and occupied a large number of sites that had never been used before." (Pfeiffer, 1969; italics mine.) 

 

Human populations were at an all time high at this point; but then something earthshaking must have happened! The Azilian "invasion" occurs very close to the magic date of 10,000 B.C., (compatible with the demise of Atlantis according to Plato) ending forever the Upper Paleolithic Age and the Cro-Magnon invasions. In fact, all Upper Paleolithic cultures —both eastern and western—end at the same time, (Click for table) and the extinction of millions of animals occurs. A new "age" begins. 

 

The Mesolithic Age which follows has been characterized by archeologists and anthropologists as "gloomy," "uninspired," and is inaugurated by a significant drop in population (Pfeiffer, 1969). But even though the dreary Mesolithic Age has begun all over Europe, Africa and Asia, the Cro-Magnon based Azilian is unmistakably Upper Paleolithic in character as long as it exists: yet all is not right with this last of the brilliant Cro-Magnon cultures. 

 

"The Azilians hunted in the same regions where the Magdalenians had hunted and occupied many of the same sites. Like most dwindling people, they probably lived to a large extent in the past and told nostalgic legends about their ancestors, the mighty hunters of another age." (Pfeiffer, 1969) 

 

What a perfect description of a people traumatized by a tremendously violent catastrophe! Conditions in Europe after the passing of the Ice Age were actually better; yet the spirit of these people had been broken. They were left in a daze, numbed by unimaginable events. The anthropologists who have detected this despondency are not thinking in terms of world catastrophe, or the loss of a homeland; yet this change in attitude is readily discernible in the Mesolithic remains. (For additional evidence of this catastrophe go to Last Ice Age.) 

 

Four Cro-Magnon invasions also took place in North Africa within this same time-frame, although more work involving dating needs to be done there (Hadingham, 1979). These are known as the Aterian, Oranian, Mouillian and the Capsian (Bordes, 1968; Clark, 1977, et al.). In North Africa the Mousterian of Neanderthal was replaced by a tool industry called the Aterian, which stretched from Morocco eastward to Tripoli, and southward into the northern portions of the Sahara. (Clark, 1970) According to archaeological evidence, the atlatl (spear thrower) made its appearance somewhere between 25,000 and 40,000 years ago in the area of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. 

 

Dr. Bruce Howe (1967) of Harvard University states: "The bulk of the datable Aterian appears to be earlier than any European Solutrean." The earliest Aterian exceeds 30,000 years and is concentrated in the west; the latest can be found as far east as the western deserts of Egypt and even to the Nile in Nubia. According to J. Desmond Clark, Prof. of African Prehistory at the University of California, the Aterian appears in Africa "fully developed" (Clark, 1970). The humans involved are type de Mechta. 

 

The work which is most familiar to me is that of the American School of Prehistoric Research at the Peabody Museum at Harvard University, of which both Drs. Briggs and Howe are members. To give just the barest of their conclusions in relation to our discussion of Cro-Magnon Man, it should be stated that the race de Cro-Magnon of Europe and the North African type de Mechta resemble one another greatly (Briggs, 1955). The latter seems best represented by a class of particularly large-brained specimens which are labeled "Type D". Briggs (1955) states, "Type D skulls stand alone notably in their often great size . . ." 

 

Abri Cro-Magnon	Old Man of Cro-Magnon	Type de Mechta
Date: 30,000 B.C.	Date: 32,000 B.C.	Date: 10,000 B.C.
Les Eyzies, France	Aurignac Cave, France	Mechta El Arbi, Algeria

Examples of Cro-Magnon and Type de Mechta crania. Notice the short faces and high, broad brain vaults.

 

Like the Cro-Magnons in Europe, the remains of the type de Mechta in northwest Africa can be found mostly along the Atlantic coast (Hiernaux, 1975). What was at one time called the Ibero-Maurusian has now been dubbed "Oranian" (Clark, 1970; Howe, 1977), since its origins cannot be determined as either Iberian or Mauritanian. According to Clark (1970), the Oranian "appears suddenly" as an intrusive tool industry, but cautions against speculation concerning its origins.

The type de Mechta associated with the Aterian, Oranian, and Mouillian has been described as tall, robust, strong-jawed, large-brained, and generally resembles the Cro-Magnons in Europe (Briggs, 1955; Clark, 1970; Coon, 1962; Hiernaux, 1975). They have been found at a number of sites in northwest Africa, and number more than a hundred individuals. The most important are Taforalt in Morocco and Afalou-Bou-Rhummel in Algeria, and are sometimes called the Mechta or Mechta-Afalou group (Hiernaux, 1975). 

 

On the other hand, the Capsians are a mixture of two types: some like Cro-Magnon, and others more like "eastern" European (Coon, 1962). Capsian art depicts hunting scenes, which are the earliest clear portrayals of the use of the bow-and-arrow in North Africa. (Hibben, 1958) 

 

Like the Azilian in Europe, the Capsian retained Upper Paleolithic traditions, even though they lived in Mesolithic times. The Upper, or terminal, Capsian lingered in the region of Tunisia. Further study has indicated that neither the Capsian nor the Oranian moved across Gibraltar area to enter Spain. (Hibben, 1958) 

 

Dr. Briggs has labeled the more gracile specimens appearing in North Africa (resembling Upper Paleolithic "eastern" Europeans) as "Type A". According to Coon (1939), Briggs (1955) and others, Type A is essentially the same as the European Combe Capelle. And as would be expected, Type A's origin is in the east, whereas the more robust type de Mechta (Type D) exhibits a definite "western" orientation, his sites "thinning out" toward the east. (Briggs, 1955). 

 

It should be obvious by now that the archeological record demonstrates strong evidence of four Cro-Magnon invasions on both sides of Gibraltar from the direction of Atlantis. I think these four Cro-Magnon invasions could well be labeled Atlantean I, Atlantean II, Atlantean III, and Atlantean IV. Perhaps a table would help here: 

 

PROPOSED	EUROPEAN	AFRICAN
Atlantean I	Aurignacian	Aterian
Atlantean II	Solutrean	Oranian
Atlantean III	Magdalenian	Mouillian
Atlantean IV	Azilian	Capsian

 

Professional anthropologists haven't the foggiest idea of the origin of these invasions. (Bordes, 1968) They invariably appeared on the western shores of Europe and Africa, even including some of the Atlantic isles next to those continents. Always the sites are clustered in the west, the number of sites diminishing towards the east (for the one exception click Outpost). Combe Capelle sites are more or less evenly distributed all over Europe and the Near East. This has been a mystery that has plagued anthropologists for over a hundred years. To the west, there is nought but empty ocean: how could the invasions have come from there? 

 

The mystery of these invasions has been so embarrassing that today anthropologists don't want to talk about it any more. Some have gotten around the problem by blurring the distinction between true "Atlantic" Cro-Magnons and the "eastern" European types. Calling all modern men "Cro-Magnon," is merely skirting the issue; but this is not a scientific way to deal with the problem. 

 

A trend quite the opposite might be in the mill. Science is always in the process of change, and this of course includes anthropology. I am all for this, as long as such changes are in the interest of further refining mankind's knowledge of the past. It's beginning to look like such terminology as "Cro-Magnon" may be dropped from use as "unscientific". Such a move could allow the important issue of origins to be ignored altogether. I am not so sure I would call this sort of action "progress". 

 

In an article entitled "Why don't We Call Them Cro-Magnon Anymore?" the author K. Krist Hirst suggests that the physical dimensions of Cro-Magnon specimens are not sufficiently different from modern humans to warrant a separate designation. My concern, of course, is that this would make it all too convenient to eliminate the embarrassing origin problem. And what about the even more important culture differences (totally differing tool kits, settlement patterns, art impulse, etc.)? Are we to simply "bland out" all these diversities under one designation? This doesn't strike me as scientific anthropological practice. 

 

I have no objection to the terms Anatomically Modern Human (AMH) or Early Modern Human (EMH) to designate early Upper Paleolithic humans who resemble present day mankind in some ways,** since they might be helpful in certain instances. But some kind of distinction (the "Eastern" and "Western" of Dr. Carleton Coon, perhaps) should be made between two physical types whose cultures are so distinguished from one another, in spite of the fact that they may share certain physical similarities. To do otherwise is to take a scientific step backwards, not forward. 

 

I did find a modern website which expresses the more scientific viewpoint. In describing Paleolithic Africa, Professor Göran Burenhult (1994) of Gotland University in Sweden elucidates: "Humans migrated into Europe about 40,000 years ago. They used two different tool traditions at this time. People south of the Sahara had the same Middle Stone Age tools between 200,000 and 40,000 years ago. The first migrants into Europe transmitted this tradition. In North Africa and Western Europe, a new tool tradition started 35,000 years ago. These are associated with early Cro-Magnon cultures, called the Aterian culture in Tunisia and Libya." 

 

Cro-Magnon has traditionally been called "Atlantic" because of his geographical distribution: Abbe' Breuil (1912) called the areas of Cro-Magnon occupation "Atlantic"; Lundman (1977) used the term "Paleo-Atlantic" when referring to Cro-Magnon culture; Prof. J. L. Myers (1923-1939) described Cro-Magnon culture as "a well-marked regional culture of the Atlantic coastal plain." (Click for Map)

 

Cro-Magnon is a big man. He averages nearly six feet in stature, sports rather heavy cheek bones, a heavy brow and a strong jaw. The original race de Cro-Magnon was extremely dolichocephalic (long-headed from front to back) and yet had a short face and large forehead. This odd combination is known among anthropologists as "disharmonism," and is considered a diagnostic (or defining) trait of Cro-Magnon Man (Briggs, 1955).

Replica of the "Old Man of Cro-Magnon" (notice the disharmonism)

His brain is so large that even with the large jaw and prominent chin, his forehead-to-chin line is basically vertical. Where Combe Capelle and Brünn Man averages 1525 c.c. (Pfeiffer, 1969), Cro-Magnon's brain averages 1617 c.c. in volume. The largest fossilized brain case ever found was a Type D skull from North Africa at 1743 c.c. (Briggs, 1955). 

The world famous cave art, found mostly in the Pyrenees and Cantabrian Mountains in France and Spain is Cro-Magnon in origin. Sometimes they are in simulated bas-relief. The quality of perspective and proportion depicted in these paintings astounded the art world when discovered (noted artists believed them to be modern fakes). However, it was noticed that some of them had thin mineral coatings deposited over their surfaces, which allowed for dating of the paintings: some have been dated in excess of 30,000 years (Pfeiffer, 1969; Thorndike, 1977; Hadingham, 1979). This remarkable cave art appears to have begun with the Aurignacians, ending in Magdalenian times. (Click here for a Cave Drawing of a Magdalenian woman.) 

 

Mankind is rarely depicted, but the few representations we have found are somewhat startling. Cro-Magnon Man often depicted those of his own kind with a sense of humor: many are caricatures, although a few examples are realistic. Man is also depicted as clean-shaven, wearing shoes, pants, coats, and even hats (Hadingham, 1979). No shaggy-haired, animal-skin covered savages here! Instead we have sewn clothes, tailored with collars and sleeves, pants with legs, even bracelets and necklaces! In fact real jewelry begins at this time (Charroux, 1970). Numerous bone needles have been found (with tiny eyes), as well as obsidian "razors". These are civilized people attempting to make best in primitive conditions! 

 

Cro-Magnon villages consisted of houses (we don't know what they were made of: all we have are the remains of hearths and post hole patterns). They had spear throwers, harpoons, bows and arrows, arrow straighteners, obsidian razors, needles, musical instruments, even bone calendars (carved with symbolic notations bordering on writing; Marshack, 1964). They domesticated several species of animals (a so-called "Neolithic" trait), which may have included the horse (Spence, 1926; Thorndike, 1977; Hadingham, 1979). 

 

A number of sites dating back as far as 16,000 B.C show evidence of the practice of agriculture. Archeologists, not knowing how to account for such a circumstance, have labeled these activities as "a false dawn" (Smith, 1976). Professional anthropologists realize that without agriculture, Atlantis is no more than a myth. During the Magdalenian Period (16,000-10,000 B.C.) the innovations in technology came so fast that archeologists had to divide it up into Magdalenian I-VI. 

 

Some have speculated that the four "invasions" occurred simply because Atlantis was geologically unstable, and every few thousand years underwent serious upheavals, sending hordes of refugees onto several Atlantic islands and the western coasts of the continents of Europe and Africa (Spence, 1926). Which brings up another mystery. Without Atlantis, how did these "boatless primitives" get scattered amongst the Canaries, the British Isles, the Frisians, the Isle D' Oleron and others. 

 

Ocean levels were several hundred feet lower during certain periods of the Ice Age, which left many of these islands connected to Europe by "land bridges". Many professionals speculate that ancient Cro-Magnon men used such "land bridges" to populate the islands from the mainland. But where is the evidence of the necessary "gestation period" for the advanced tool industries of Cro-Magnon Man? Absolutely no such evidence has ever been uncovered on any mainlands known to us! As stated by Prof. Bordes, the Aurignacian arrived "ready-made" from "elsewhere"—as did the Aterian in North Africa (vide supra). 

 

Significantly, the final "invasion," the Azilian, occurred approximately 10,000 B.C., embarrassingly close to the date when Plato says Atlantis sank. Although occurring in time at the beginning of the Mesolithic, the Azilian is Upper Paleolithic in character. If not another invasion from Atlantis, then why this peculiarity? All other European tool industries are Mesolithic in character at this time. 

 

In conclusion, we have four Cro-Magnon invasions (each more advanced than the last) happening over a period of just under 25,000 years—the Aurignacian, Solutrean, Magdalenian and Azilian—the last one occurring just when Atlantis was said to have subsided, and since that magic date, no more Cro-Magnon invasions. ATLANTIS, THE APPARENT SOURCE OF THE INVASIONS, IS GONE. 

 

Anthropologists describe the Mesolithic Age following the Upper Paleolithic as "gloomy" (Pfeiffer, 1969). Human populations—which had just achieved the highest Upper Paleolithic levels during the Magdalenian period—dropped catastrophically "overnight" anthropologically speaking. In fact, the numerous Upper Paleolithic cultures scattered over Europe, Africa and the Near East, without exception, all ended at the same time—circa. 10,000 B.C., which archeologists have never explained!

 

Glossary of Terms

NOTES

 

*It's beginning to look like Modern Man appeared in Eastern Europe at least 45,000 years ago. At Kostenki, near the Don River in central Russia, a previously unidentified assemblage, exhibiting a sophisticated tool kit of prismatic blades, burins, bone, antler, and ivory artifacts, as well as small perforated shell ornaments, underlies the CI Tephra and Aurignacian Dufour assemblage (Anikovich, et al., 2007) dating back 42,000-45,000 years. Cro-Magnon did not enter Western Europe for another 10,000 years. [Back]

 

**"In South Africa, two sites, the Klasies River Mouth and Border Cave have yielded H. sapiens sapiens fossils dating from around 60,000 to 80,000 years ago. Others put fossils from Klasies River Mouth Cave, with modern appearance, at between 115,000 and 80,000 years old" (Burenhult, 1994). However, brain sizes indicated are somewhat below modern, ranging from 1000-1200 c.c. [Back]

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

Anikovich, M. V. et al., "Early Upper Paleolithic in Eastern Europe and Implications for the Dispersal of Modern Humans," Science magazine, Vol. 315. No. 5809, 12 January 2007.
Bicho, Nuno, et al., "The Upper Paleolithic Rock Art of Iberia," Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2007.
Bordes, Francois, "The Old Stone Age," McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1968.
Breuil, Abbe' Henri, "Les subdivisions de palaeolithic superieur," Congress International d' Anthropologie Prehistorique, XIV session, Geneva, 1912.
Briggs, L. Cabot, "The Stone Age Races of Northwest Africa," Bulletin of the American School of Prehistoric Research, No. 18, Cambridge, 1955.
Burenhult, Goran, "People of the Stone Age," from: The Illustrated History of Humankind Vol. 2, Landmark Series of the American Museum of Natural History, Harper-Collins, 1993.
Charroux, Robert, "One Hundred Thousand Years of Man's Unknown History" (translated from the French by Lowell Bair), Berkley Publ. Corp., 1970.
Clark, J. Desmond, "The Prehistory of Africa," Praeger University Series, New York, 1970.
Coon, Carleton S., "The Races of Europe," Macmillan, New York, 1939.
Coon, Carleton S., "The Story of Man," Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1954.
Coon, Carleton S., "The Origin of Races," Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1962
Hadingham, Evan, "Secrets of the Ice Age," Walker and Company, New York, 1979.
Hibben, Frank C., "Prehistoric Man in Europe," Oklahoma University Press, Norman, 1958.
Hiernaux, Jean, "The People of Africa," Charles Schribner's Sons, New York, 1975.
Howe, Bruce, "The Palaeolithic of Tangier, Morocco," Bulletin of the American School of Pre-historic Research, No. 22, Cambridge, 1967.
Howells, William, "Mankind in the Making," Doubleday & Co., Garden City, 1957.
Lundman, Bertil J., "The Races and Peoples of Europe," IAAEE Monograph No. 4 (translated from German by Donald A. Swan), New York, 1977.
Marshack, Alexander, "Lunar Notation of Upper Paleolithic Remains," Science, 6 Nov. 1964.
Marshack, Alexander, "The Roots of Civilization," McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1972.
Myers, J. L., "Cambridge Ancient History," New York, 1923-1939.
Nami, H. G., "New assessments of early human occupations in the southern cone," Oxford University Press, 1996.
Pfeiffer, John E., "The Emergence of Man," Harper & Row, New York & London, 1969.
Smith, Philip E. L., "Stone Age Man on the Nile," Scientific American, Vol. 235, No. 2, August 1976.
Spence, Lewis T., "The History of Atlantis," Rider & Co., London, 1926.
Thorndike, Joseph J. Jr., (editor) "Mysteries of the Past," American Heritage, New York, 1977.
Torres, M.J.F., "Biological and archaeological information in coprolites from an early site in Patagonia," Current Research in the Pleistocene, Vol. iii, Nos. 74-75, 1986.

 

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