"All the World's a Stage We Pass Through" R. Ayana

Showing posts with label seti. Show all posts
Showing posts with label seti. Show all posts

Tuesday, 28 April 2015

Interstellar Communications Signals


Interstellar Communications Signals

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By L. G. Lawrence, Field Manager, Ecola Institute


The possibility of life beyond Earth tends to evoke partisan emotions denoting two extremes (1) that life is unique to Earth, and (2) that it is ubiquitous and aboundant throughout the universe. Hints about life elsewhere have been vague, including "organised elements" in meteorites, Martian infra-red spectra implying organic molecules, and the rare non-random radio signals whose reception was claimed by Tesla and Marconi. Yet a psychological readiness to accept extraterrestrial life has emerged to a most profound degree.

Divorced from its science-fiction background by Project Osma in the early 1960s, the topic is now formally called "communication with extraterrestrial intelligences" (acronym CETI). It was the subject of a top-level international conference held in September 1971 at the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory in Soviet Armenia. The meeting was sponsored by the United States and Soviet Academies of Science. Similar interests prevail in private study groups both here and abroad.

Such programs must be welcomed in behalf of all mankind. For interstellar communication with other, highly advanced cultures might well determine human progress and survival. Thus, by inference, CETI emerges not only as the greatest adventure of mankind, but also poses a colossal challenge to systems engineering.

It remains an unfortunate fact that the majority of ambitious CETI programs continue to be aligned with the somewhat obsolete theories and hardware of radio astronomy. This is a serious drawback for several reasons:
(1) local inadequacies in interstellar communications technology and humanness are imposed upon a given extraterrestrial society (prompting it to lose interest in us), and
(2) we must be aware of the pre-eminent possibility that Type II or III civilizations -- whose worlds were old when Earth was young -- no longer employ electromagnetics-based communication technology due to obsolescence. The latter assumption is defensibly supported by the fact that terrestrial radio astronomy, in its 40 year long history as an electronics-based science, has failed to detect intelligent, non-Gaussian signals from deep space.

A somewhat better, more promising outlook has emerged as the result of experimental data obtained by our Institute. The inference has been drawn that interstellar communications signals, as presumably [11] are interchanged between peerage groups, are of a biological -- rather than electromagnetic -- nature. If verification tests continue to be affirmative, it will explain the aforementioned failure of traditional radio astronomy.

 

COMMUNICATION BY ACCIDENT

 

As one frequently encounters in exploratory research, our CETI-type data was incidental to other work and not sought for.

We operate a mobile field laboratory. One of our objectives is the development of non-polluting electronic alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture.

Special investigations are directed at behavioural plant electrophysiology and bio-electric phenomena associated therewith. Viable organic transducers have been evolved, profiles of which were given in (1) ELECTRONICS WORLD, New York, October 1969, pp. 25-28, and in (2) ELECTRICAL REVIEW, London, June 2, 1972, pp. 780-81. Composite techniques have been adapted for field research in remote biological sensing (acronym: RBS), which allowed discovery of the following phenomena:

One October 29, 1971, 20:30 PDT, while conducting exploratory RBS experiments in Riverside County, California, our field instrumentation's organic transducer complex intercepted a train of apparently intelligent communications signals (tight spacing and discrete pulse intervals) while accidentally allowed to remain pointed at the constellation of Ursa Major during a short rest period. The phenomenon prevailed for somewhat over 33 minutes, approximately 30 minutes of which were recorded on tape when the audio monitor drew our attention.

A somewhat similar phenomenon was observed on April 10, 1972, 22:30 PDT, while conducting experiments in the Mojave Desert, California. Other, fragmentary interceptions have been made in the interim. The apparent signals, aside of seemingly growing weaker, appear to be transmitted at great intervals ranging from weeks to months, possibly years. A faint, coherent, binary-type phenomenon was noted during aural monitoring using equipment such as shown in the accompanying illustration. Intervals between rapid series of pulse trains ranged from approximately 3 to 10 minutes. It is likely that other phenomena have escaped detection, since lack of special facilities and resources precludes routine monitoring at this time.

Because our equipment is impervious to electromagnetic radiation and found free of internal anomalies, the tentative conclusion of biological-type interstellar communications signals have emerged. We also entertain the possibility of an emergency transmission (here directed at peerage societies only), since relatively large power levels of given makeup are required to overcome bioelectric impedances and galvanic network losses inherent in our developmental instrumentation. A two-way transceiving capability has not yet been achieved.

Data contained in our October '71 tape was accrued via analog DC-to-AC conversion techniques. Here, fluctuating DC signals, as generated by organic semi-conductors in the-transducer complex during Signal incidence, are made available for direct audio recordings by changing DC products into variable-pitch audio patterns. As is customary in an analytical telemetry, a local pilot tone was automatically injected into the tape for detecting mechanical tape-speed variations and/or electronic malfunctions, if any. Provisions have been made for synchronous electromagnetic interference monitoring. (See illustration)

As a mere audio presentation, the instrumentation tape is unpleasant to listen to. However, as many reviewers concede, a fascinating degree of enchantment tends to emerge after the tape has been played back three or four times, typically over a period of weeks. We ascribe this to psycho-physical adaptation, since individual acuities to the dominant pilot or control tone tend to-be attenuated when playbacks are repeated. The audio-frequency envelope peaks out at approximately 5,000 Hz and is fairly uniform. The tape contains a short, incremental series of deep, harmonious oscillations resembling nonsense chatter or background modulations. An intelligent character of the overall pulse train is applied by discrete spacing patterns, apparent repetitions of sequences, and highly attenuated Gaussian noise. Arrangements are being made for computer analysis.

Coding formats and nature of signal-emanating domain remain unknown. Reports of similar observations made elsewhere are being solicited.

To preserve physical evidence of what might well be an extremely important historical event for generations yet to be born, a copy of the October '71 tape has been deposited with the Scientific archives of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.



THE BIODYNAMIC FIELD STATION

 

A biodynamic field station designed for interstellar signal interception is shown above. Principal components are: Organic transducers housed in the TRANSDUCER CHAMBER (4), optical sector recording aids comprised of a NEWTONIAN TELESCOPE (2) and CAMERA (3), excitation and converter systems contained in the ELECTRONICS (9) package, an ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE MONITOR (18), a clock-driven SYNCHRONOUS STAR MAP (22) for noting coordination of signal sources, and the OBSERVER'S NIGHT COT (15).

Legend:

1.    Faraday Tube
2.    Newtonian Telescope
3.    Camera
4.    Transducer Chamber
5.    Sa. Slow-motion Controls
6.    Ascension Drive(s)
7.    Mounting
8.    Field Recorder
9.    Electronics
10. Tripod
11. Ground Spike
12. Remote Controls
13. Headphones
14. Headrest w/Pillow
15. Observer's Night Cot
16. Optical/Biodynamic Target Axes
17. Celestial Object/Domain
18. Electromagnetic Interference Monitor
19. RF Incidence
20. Mounting
21. Connectors
22. Synchronous Star Map w/ Illuminator
23. Mounting
* * *

We were on the same lecture program with Lawrence and had the opportunity to see and hear his illustrated talk on Interstellar Communication. This was at Esther Ellsworth's Understandorama at Claremont, California, May 6, 1973. He had the Organic Transducer with him, set up backstage, and showed us a green plant leaf pressed between two electrodes. We could hear the ‘pilot tone' on the audio equipment. A threat was made to the living leaf by bringing a lighted cigarette close to it. The change in the pilot tone was easily heard. Attempts to reproduce this Backster Effect by mental-means only -- that is just thinking of harming the leaf with a lighted cigarette -- were not quite so successful, though some plant response was heard.

Obviously this man is a competent technician, with tremendous capability for creating and adapting research equipment to his needs. He appears to be a true scientist, following the search for Truth wherever it might lead, regardless of what his preconceived ideas of life might be, here or in space! An example of this was his readiness to go ghost-chasing with his Organic Transducer in a haunted house in San Bernardino.

The wait for any phenomena to manifest was a long one, so long that Lawrence fell asleep, as he put it; Thus the scientist became a passive receiver along with his equipment. Only then of course could the spook manifest! The shrill increase in pilot tone signalled the presence of the intruder -- who was also in Lawrence's aura!! He didn't say this on the lecture stand but in [14] private conversation with us afterward he admitted that it took him a month to get rid of his unwelcome "eating companion". This was a powerful lesson in occult science, one we all have to learn somewhere along the line of evolution.

You can get in touch with Lawrence directly at his Ecola Institute, PO Box 3284, San Bernardino, Cal. 92413. He also teaches the science of Interstellar Communication at the Anchor College of Truth, 1775 Devore Road, San Bernardino, California 92407. Weekend classes in parapsychology, metaphysics and comparative religions are also being offered there throughout the summer. The College is to the left off Highway 395 on Devore Road, a couple miles north of San Bernardino.

Below is a picture of Lawrence's new Astrobiological research instrument, a radio-telescope with biological signal sensors, mounted on a pan-azimuth yoke assembly, "to scan the galaxy on a 24-hour basis."



https://borderlandsciences.org/journal/vol/52/n04/Detecting_Biodynamic_Signals_II_Lawrence_station_Fig1.jpg



References

 

1.    Lawrence, L G. "Electronics and the Living Plant." Electronics World 82.4 (1969): 25-28. Print. <Full-text>
2.     
3.    Lawrence, L G. "New Worlds Revealed by Living Transducers." Electrical Review 190 (Jun 1972): 780-81. Print.
4.     



Are mysterious signals that exist outside the electromagnetic spectrum affecting our planet? Could humanity have been changed by the subliminal effects of biodynamic transmissions from other galaxies without ever knowing it? L. George Lawrence explains everything about his theories and methods in our spiral-bound edition of the startling "Galactic Life Unveiled" (#B0388).


From The Journal of Borderland Research, Vol. 29 >> No. 04, 1972 @ https://borderlandsciences.org/journal/vol/29/n04/Lawrence_on_Interstellar_Signals.html



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Wednesday, 3 April 2013

Top 10 Controversial pieces of evidence for extraterrestrial life


Top 10 Controversial pieces of evidence for extraterrestrial life 

https://str.llnl.gov/June11/images/goldman_open.jpg


Over the years many hints have emerged that there might be life beyond Earth...












 This boulder-strewn field reaches to the horizon, nearly 2 miles distant from Viking Lander 2's position on Mars' Utopian Plain. Scientists believe the colours of the Martian surface and sky in this photo represent their true colours (Image: NASA Langley Research Center) 


Tests performed on Martian soil samples by NASA's Viking landers hinted at chemical evidence of life. One experiment mixed soil with radioactive-carbon-labelled nutrients and then tested for the production of radioactive methane gas.

The test reported a positive result. The production of radioactive methane suggested that something in the soil was metabolising the nutrients and producing radioactive gas. But other experiments on board failed to find any evidence of life, so NASA declared the result a false positive.

Despite that, one of the original scientists - and others who have since re-analysed the data - still stand by the finding. They argue that the other experiments on board were ill-equipped to search for evidence of the organic molecules - a key indicator of life.



2. 1977, The unexplained extraterrestrial "Wow!" signal is detected by an Ohio State University radio telescope

In August 1977 an Ohio State University radio telescope detected an unusual pulse of radiation from somewhere near the constellation Sagittarius. The 37-second-long signal was so startling that an astronomer monitoring the data scrawled "Wow!" on the telescope's printout.

The signal was within the band of radio frequencies where transmissions are internationally banned on Earth. Furthermore, natural sources of radiation from space usually cover a wider range of frequencies.

As the nearest star in that direction is 220 million light years away, either a massive astronomical event - or intelligent aliens with a very powerful transmitter would have had to have created it. The signal remains unexplained.



http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/08/09/article-2023946-0010369B00000258-277_634x494.jpg

3. 1996, Martian "fossils" are discovered in meteorite ALH84001 from Antarctica

NASA scientists controversially announced in 1996 that they had found what appeared to be fossilised microbes in a potato-shaped lump of Martian rock. The meteorite was probably blasted off the surface of Mars in a collision, and wandered the solar system for some 15 million years, before plummeting to Antarctica, where it was discovered in 1984.

Careful analysis revealed that the rock contained organic molecules and tiny specs of the mineral magnetite, sometimes found in Earth bacteria. Under the electron microscope, NASA researchers also claimed to have spotted signs of "nanobacteria".

But since then much of the evidence has been challenged. Other experts have suggested that the particles of magnetite were not so similar to those found in bacteria after all, and that contaminants from Earth are the source of the organic molecules. A 2003 study also showed how crystals that resemble nanobacteria could be grown in the laboratory by chemical processes.



4. 2001, More rigorous calculations connected to the 1960s "Drake equation" suggests that our galaxy may contain hundreds of thousands of life-bearing planets

In 1961 US radio astronomer Frank Drake developed an equation to help estimate the number of planets hosting intelligent life - and capable of communicating with us - in the galaxy.

The Drake equation multiplies together seven factors including: the formation rate of stars like our Sun, the fraction of Earth-like planets and the fraction of those on which life develops. Many of these figures are open to wide debate, but Drake himself estimates the final number of communicating civilisations in the galaxy to be about 10,000.

In 2001, a more rigorous estimate of the number of life-bearing planets in the galaxy - using new data and theories - came up with a figure of hundreds of thousands. For the first time, the researchers estimated how many planets might lie in the "habitable zone" around stars, where water is liquid and photosynthesis possible. The results suggest that an inhabited Earth-like planet could be as little as a few hundred light years away.

Read more: Other Earths


5. 2001, The red tinge of Jupiter's moon Europa proposed to be due to frozen bits of bacteria, which also helps explain the mysterious infrared signal it gives off

Alien microbes might be behind Europa's red tinge, suggested NASA researchers in 2001. Though the surface is mostly ice, data shows it reflects infrared radiation in an odd manner. That suggests that something - magnesium salts perhaps - are binding it together. But no one has been able to come up with the right combination of compounds to make sense of the data.

Intriguingly, the infrared spectra of some Earthly bacteria - those that thrive in extreme conditions - fits the data at least as well as magnesium salts. Plus, some are red and brown in colour, perhaps explaining the moon's ruddy complexion. Though bacteria might find it difficult to survive in the scant atmosphere and -170°C surface temperature of Europa, they might survive in the warmer liquid interior. Geological activity could then spew them out periodically to be flash frozen on the surface.



6. 2002, Russian scientists argue that a mysterious radiation-proof species of microbe may have evolved on Mars

In 2002 Russian astrobiologists claimed that super-hardy Deinococcus radiourans evolved on Mars. The microbe can survive several thousand times the radiation dose that would kill a human.

The Russians zapped a population of the bacteria with enough radiation to kill 99.9%, allowed the survivors to repopulate, before repeating the cycle. After 44 rounds it took 50 times the original dose of radiation. They calculated that it would take many thousands of these cycles to make common microbe E.coli as resilient as Deinococcus. And on Earth it takes between a million and 100 million years to encounter each dose of radiation. Therefore there just has not been enough time in life's 3.8 billion year history on Earth for such resistance to have evolved, they claim.

By contrast, the surface of Mars, unprotected by a dense atmosphere, is bombarded with so much radiation that the bugs could receive the same dose in just a few hundred thousand years. The researchers argue that Deinococcus's ancestors were flung off of Mars by an asteroid and fell to Earth on meteorites. Other experts remain sceptical.



7. 2002, Chemical hints of life are found in old data from Venus probes and landers. Could microbes exist in Venusian clouds?

Life in Venus' clouds may be the best way to explain some curious anomalies in the composition of its atmosphere, claimed University of Texas astrobiologists in 2002. They scoured data from NASA's Pioneer and Magellan space probes and from Russia's Venera Venus-lander missions of the 1970s.

Solar radiation and lightning should be generating masses of carbon monoxide on Venus, yet it is rare, as though something is removing it. Hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide are both present too. These readily react together, and are not usually found co-existing, unless some process constantly is churning them out. Most mysterious is the presence of carbonyl sulphide. This is only produced by microbes or catalysts on Earth, and not by any other known inorganic process.

The researchers' suggested solution to this conundrum is that microbes live in the Venusian atmosphere. Venus's searing hot, acidic surface may be prohibitive to life, but conditions 50 kilometres up in the atmosphere are more hospitable and moist, with a temperature of 70°C and a pressure similar to Earth.



8. 2003, Sulphur traces on Jupiter's moon Europa may be the waste products of underground bacterial colonies

In 2003, Italian scientists hypothesised that sulphur traces on Europa might be a sign of alien life. The compounds were first detected by the Galileo space probe, along with evidence for a volcanically-warmed ocean beneath the moon's icy crust.

The sulphur signatures look similar to the waste-products of bacteria, which get locked into the surface ice of lakes in Antarctica on Earth. The bacteria survive in the water below, and similar bacteria might also thrive below Europa's surface, the researchers suggest. Others experts rejected the idea, suggesting that the sulphur somehow originates from the neighbouring moon Io, where it is found in abundance.



9. 2004, Methane in the Martian atmosphere hints at microbial metabolism

In 2004 three groups - using telescopes on Earth and the European Space Agency's Mars Express orbiting space probe - independently turned up evidence of methane in the atmosphere. Nearly all methane in our own atmosphere is produced by bacteria and other life.

Methane could also be generated by volcanism, the thawing of frozen underground deposits, or delivered by comet impacts. However, the source has to be recent, as the gas is rapidly destroyed on Mars or escapes into space.

In January 2005, an ESA scientist controversially announced that he had also found evidence of formaldehyde, produced by the oxidation of methane. If this is proved it will strengthen the case for microbes, as a whopping 2.5 million tonnes of methane per year would be required to create the quantity of formaldehyde postulated to exist.

There are ways to confirm the presence of the gas, but scientists will need to get the equipment to Mars first.



http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/597/overrides/how-meteors-could-have-brought-life-to-earth-slow-speed_59714_600x450.jpg

10. 2004, A mysterious radio signal is received by the SETI project on three occasions - from the same region of space

In February 2003, astronomers with the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) project, used a massive telescope in Puerto Rico to re-examine 200 sections of the sky which had all previously yielded unexplained radio signals. These signals had all disappeared, except for one which had become stronger.

The signal - widely thought to be the best candidate yet for an alien contact - comes from a spot between the constellations Pisces and Aries, where there are no obvious stars or planets. Curiously, the signal is at one of the frequencies that hydrogen, the most common element, absorbs and emits energy. Some astronomers believe that this is a very likely frequency at which aliens wishing to be noticed would transmit.

Nevertheless, there is also a good chance the signal is from a never-seen-before natural phenomenon. For example, an unexplained pulsed radio signal, thought to be artificial in 1967, turned out to be the first ever sighting of a pulsar.




From New Scientist @ http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9943-top-10-controversial-pieces-of-evidence-for-extraterrestrial-life.html?full=true


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