New Millennium Psi Research
ESP, Hypnosis, Paraphysics, and
Remote Viewing
"One really should start thinking in
terms of biomind receptors, rather than in terms of ESP"
-Ingo Swann
SHOT IN THE DARK-SIDE OF THE MOON
While on his
journey to the moon and back, astronaut Edgar Mitchell conducted an unscheduled experiment
of his own. On June 22, 1971, he informed the New York Times that:
"During
the Apollo 14 lunar expedition I performed an extrasensory-perception
experiment the world's first in space. In it five symbols a star, cross,
circle, wavy line and square were oriented randomly in columns of 25. Four
persons in the United States attempted to guess the order of the symbols. They
were able to do this with success that could be duplicated by chance in one out
of 3,000 experiments.”
He claimed, in effect, that his demonstration showed that ESP was independent
of shielding, locale, distance, or time. When he got back to planet Earth, he
founded The Institute of Noetic Science (IONS), noetic meaning consciousness
studies. That program, now run by parapsychologist Dean Radin, is still
thriving and the Institute recently moved to larger quarters in an old school
in Petaluma, California. IONS is celebrating its 30th anniversary.
MAKES
ME WANT TO PSI
The
spontaneous event commonly called psychic experience, perception or
ability is called 'psi' in scientific arenas. Even more precisely, it is now
often referred to as anomalous cognition (AC). A particular form of intentional
AC is known as Remote Viewing. Between 1978-1995 the U.S. government sponsored
the Stargate Program, in conjunction with Stanford Research Institute (SRI), a
psyops development think tank.
The
existence of psi or ESP abilities has been hotly debated among scientists for
decades, since J. B. Rhine began his experiments in 1927. Both the pro (Dean Radin;
Ingo Swann; Jessica Utts, Russell Targ; Hiroshi Motoyama) and con (James Randi,
Susan Blackmore, CSICOPS) positions have their "true believers", and
it seems never the twain shall meet.
Psi is still
a paradigm that lives on the outskirts trying to become a sanctioned science.
But just because a subject is controversial, and happens to be a space and time
transcending experience, doesn't mean we shouldn't investigate it. In fact, it
beckons us to focus on it even more thoroughly to reveal the truths hidden
there. We simply need to do it with stringent, critic-proof methodology.
There are a
variety of psi powers, known for centuries in Eastern philosophy as siddhas,
exceptional human abilities. The uninitiated or skeptical may be perplexed or
daunted at the prospect of coming to any rational conceptual understanding of
these anomalous phenomena, which have been associated with the realm of
mysticism, superstition and the supernatural.
In actual
fact, research by the authors, who are both certified hypnotherapists
(A.C.H.E.), and others (Miller; Ryzl) shows that nearly anyone can improve
their psi ability through simple techniques of self-hypnosis.
Psi is also
at the root of focused intent, distant mental interactions, distance healing
and therapeutic rapport, where there is a subtle shared consciousness and often
brainwave synchronization. This capacity is within everyone’s grasp, as the
human potential movement demonstrated with such trance phenomena as fire
walking and guided imagery.
We've
virtually all had those uncanny or awesome experiences where we seemed to
intuit, dream, or "know" something in advance of conventional means.
Sometimes it is called pre-sentiment. Around 55% of reported incidents occur in
dreams. Another example, is the synchronicity at work in the affairs of
“star-crossed lovers.” When we are in love, we seem to share the same
“wavelength,” virtually able to read one another’s minds. Who hasn’t thought of
a friend or acquaintance only to have the phone ring?
Often the
most compelling stories come from those who don't even "believe" in
the phenomenon, but find themselves experiencing it, usually in the unfortunate
circumstance of the illness, injury or death of a distant loved-one. Psi is not
just a mental perception or conception; we feel it in our guts, in our bones,
in our marrow. It is first and foremost a holistic mind/body experience.
According to
leading parapsychologist Dr. Stanley Krippner, "At one level of
investigation, there already are 'replications' and 'battle-tested' results,
specifically the finding that about 50% of an unselected group will report
having had a 'psychic experience,' supposedly involving those psi phenomena
that have been given such labels as 'telepathy', 'clairvoyance',
'precognition', and 'psychokinesis' [mind over matter]. This percentage may
vary from one culture, age group, and educational level to the next, but it has
been repeated, in one study after another, for the last several decades."
The move in
biophysics is to take psi research from endless theorization, proofs of
existence and boring replications into innovative and practical
experimentation. The problem is that in order to do that scientifically, one
has to risk credibility and professional suicide, as well as being underfunded.
OPEN
SESAME
Though it
often seems confined to mediums, channels, sensitives, or ESPers, most individuals are
capable of expressing some nonlocal communication or psi phenomena. However,
that ability may be blocked for various reasons by an adaptation to consensus reality,
to conventional thinking. We need to develop “out of the box” thinking. Even
Einstein said that past, present, and future are illusions, even if they are
stubborn ones. Conscious calculation rarely plays a role in ESP; the same is
true for creativity.
Both ESP and
creativity have deep taproots in the psyche. Pang and Forte (1967) found some
evidence of a relationship between creativity and ESP, as did others (Honorton,
1967). Frederick Myers reported that a large proportion of ESP experiences
occur in altered states such as dreams, trance, hypnosis and creativity while
Masters and Houston (1966) counted it among the varieties of psychedelic
experience.
ESP,
hypnosis and mind-expanded states have sensitivity to the unconscious at their
core. And that subconscious expresses itself through symbols, imagery, and
sensations to communicate with the conscious mind. Hypnosis is the "open
sesame" to the waking impressions and sensory images of the deeper
mind/body.
The elusive
ability to swing back 'the doors of perception' and enter the numinous realm of
the collective unconscious was described by psychologist C. G. Jung. Whether
deliberate or accidental, anyone can open to the force of this revealed
process, to this dynamic information field. Those who frustrate themselves with
self-defeating behavior in other areas of life often show poor psi performance.
Positive ESP
scores seem to correlate generally with traits such as openness, high
self-esteem, warmth, sociability, adventuresomeness, relaxation, assertiveness,
talkativeness and practicality. However, some psi-talented individuals often
don't score well in laboratory settings.
On the other
hand Russell Targ (1994) claims, "[P]si is no longer elusive; it can be
demonstrated when needed for study and investigation." Even though psychic
training to strengthen the signal line is possible, unpredictability has been
the hallmark of this emergent gift. To overcome this problem in both the
theoretical and experimental arenas requires a marriage of the disciplines of
physics, biology, medicine, psychology, and hypnosis.
Findings
from all these fields converge in the paradoxical subject of Extra-Sensory
Perception. As the ideas of quantum mechanics, relativity and parapsychology
slowly make their way into our collective consciousness, our common-sense views
on time and causality find themselves more strained than they've ever been in
the course of human history.
Will this
challenge remain the domain of theoretical science, or can we foresee a day in
which the general understanding, and even the experience of the average
individual, will be shaped by this new perspective on reality? (Sidorov, 2003,
“The Mind In Time”).
It takes
many disciplines, as well as the latest findings in physiology, neurobiology
and information theory to begin to formulate any comprehensive understanding of
the phenomenon and bridge the conceptual gap. ESP used to be studied in
Parapsychology, an adjunct of psychology. But its subject matter has become so
mainstream, the field has been return to ordinary Psychology. ESP “software” is
studied in psychology, but ESP “hardware” is the domain of biophysics.
Researchers
are probing the interface between matter, spacetime and mind with increasing precision.
There is optimism that ultimately conventional pathways will be found to
explain their appearance. Suggestions have included Schumann Resonance as a
nearly-instantaneous carrier of psi information or perhaps paradoxical quantum
nonlocality or coherence to account for it.
There are
many models that provide potentially viable explanations. The mental aspects
can perhaps be described psychologically, but the mechanics require models from
physics. A variety of theories have been proposed, including neurological,
holographic, electromagnetic, and quantum mechanics based hypotheses.
Like
electricity, no one knows how psi works. However, to foster and practice psi we
don't need to know how it works, anymore than we need to know the mechanics of
internal combustion to drive a car.
WHAT
IS PSI?
This month
(July 2003) on the editorial board of the Journal
of Non-Local and Remote Mental Interactions, we have been
preparing a special issue on Remote Viewing. http://www.emergentmind.org/jnlrmi_ii(2).htm
Stargate RV
expert and teacher, Joseph McMoneagle is interviewed, along with such notables
as author and theoretical physicist, Fred Alan Wolf, and Finnish physicist
Matti Pitkanen. Many plausible theories and new experimental protocols are
being proposed, pushing the leading edge of physics, biophysics, and
experimental parapsychology. Though it is often suggested, it remains to be
seen if psi is a field, a quantum effect, or a physical quantity.
We are
examining aspects from coherent fields to strength of intent, arousal states,
target specificity, subject-target separation, psi-expectancy, anticipatory
effects and information flow. Studies of field resonance, metabolism,
biophotons, entanglement, geomagnetic fluctuations, time-reversed experience,
energy transfer, physiological detectors, biomind receptors, psychophysical
responses, bioregulation, enhanced recovery, experimenter effects, EM
signatures and transduction pathways may yield more information about the
process.
The areas of
extrasensory perception or anomalous cognition we discuss here include (1) Telepathy; (2) Clairvoyance; and (3) Precognition. These
faculties came into the public eye when stories of Russian and CIA remote
viewers broke in the press. But compelling, anecdotal stories alone do not
satisfy the scientific method.
Stories of
distance healing, a form of PK or psychokinesis (mind over matter), require
another article of their own to do them justice. It may be easier to model
virtual information transfer than mind over matter. "Spooky action at a
distance" requires even stronger evidence than sensing at a distance. But
is "distance" here really a factor or an illusion in a holographic
simply-connected universe? The paradox of spacetime and relativity presents
itself in psi as psycho-retrocognition, or time-reversed PK.
Though these
experiences of knowing at a distance are called "extra-sensory," they
often appear "as if" received by conventional sensory or mental
means, for how else can we "know what we know"? It is a holistic
psychophysical experience, affecting the whole self, physically, emotionally,
mentally and often spiritually. The impediments of distance and time seem to
dissolve; the barriers of spacetime are mysteriously overcome. The information
is 'just there' in one form or another, whether spontaneous or facilitated.
1). Telepathy is a message, direct mind-to-mind communiction,
direct knowing through being, a clear intuition or empathic awareness, often
demonstrated in the psychotherapeutic setting. Telepathy is a transmission from
one mind to another.
2). Clairvoyance appears as information about events at
remote locations, manifesting as an image, or gestalt psychic impression,
rather than a thought; (it is often linked to perception at a distance:
so-called astral travel, out-of-body experience, or remote viewing).
3). Precognition is the most uncanny; transcending time, it
seems to rend the veils of the future (jamais vu) and the past (deja vu) with
strong, often unpleasant, premonitions.
According to
Scientific American (Sept. 2002, p. 103), [apparently long after Pribram's
theory from the 70s], "in
1990 Herman Sno, a psychiatrist at Hospirtal de Heel in Zaandam, the
Netherlands, suggested that memories are stored in a format similar to
holograms. Unlike a photograph, each section of a hologram contains all the
information needed to reproduce the entire picture. But the smaller the
fragment, the fuzzier the resultant image. According to Sno, deja vu occurs when
some small detail in one's current situation closely matches a memory fragment,
conjuring up a blurry image of that former experience." There
are competing theories of deja vu, but the holographic concept of reality is a
leading contender in the biomechanical explanations of psi.
Psi meaning
comes through emotionally intense visual, auditory and kinesthetic experiences.
It is a human potential we can learn to tap. We can use
our intentionality as a probability perturbation instrument. We
can use mental focus to alternately concentrate and relax our attention. Intent
is suggested as a variable in transmission and reception in the exchange of
extrasensory information, possibly within the range of ELF electromagnetic
frequencies (Sidorov, 2002).
Stanford and
Lovin (1970) found possible support for a relationship between the generation
of alpha waves and ESP, as did Monroe (1971). More recent research has
implicated the electromagnetic signals of Schumann Resonances as carrier of
seemingly non-local transfer of information (Pitkanin, 2001). Persinger (1989)
has suggested that psi information signals are actually carried on extremely
low electromagnetic frequencies and our temporal lobe structures are sensitive
to them.
Whether one
believes in spontaneous psi experience, or not, it has a long and colorful
history, in the mystic and healing arts of the East and West, and in science,
even business. The difference is the trigger that evokes the experience.
Management trainers have taught self-hypnosis as a means of fostering
intuition, rapport and other practical applications of ESP.
The role of
ESP is inextricably bound up with other creative processes where information or
inspiration seemingly appear from nowhere. Data acquired through ESP, prescient
dreams and other imaginative thought processes riddles the stories of
scientific discovery and creativity. Psychic detective work and investigative
reporting has received mixed reviews, since following up on dry leads uses time
and vital resources. Without controls, these anecdotes are difficult to
evaluate.
In the arts,
it has been said that "life imitates art," sometimes to uncanny
proportions. Krippner (1972) recounts a story of ESP in creativity, whose
prophetic detail later took on ominous tones.
In 1898,
Morgan Robertson published a popular novel called Futility. It described the wreck of a giant
ship called the Titan, considered "unsinkable" by the characters in
the novel. Perhaps you recognize this oft-told tale as that of the Titanic, but
it was not wrecked until April 15, 1912. In the novel, the ship displaced
70,000 tons (Titanic 66,000 tons), was 800 feet long (Titanic 828 feet); the
Titan carried 3000 passengers and 24 lifeboats, while Titanic had only 20
lifeboats for the same number of people. Both ships sank while encountering an
iceberg at the speed of 23-25 knots. The rest, as they say, is history.
FROM
TRANCE TO CREATIVITY
The question
becomes "How can we
facilitate the emergence of psi phenomena, either for greater awareness or
creativity?" Knowing what we know about psi expression, how can we
train ourselves to encourage its emergence? Hypnosis or self-hypnosis simply
helps engage the emotional mind, the imaginal mind, the biophysical mind rather
than just approaching the task rationally and conceptually.
Unfortunately,
the question of psi-facilitation was asked by covert forces during the Cold
War, and much of the statistical and practical data on psi comes from those
black-ops sources (CIA, KGB, NSA, DIA, DOD, U.S. Army and Navy). The Russians
wanted to use psi for espionage and the US countered with its own team. Much of
this government-sponsored work went on at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI
International), by Puharich, Puthoff, Targ, and Swann.
Human
potential advocates, Jack Schwarz and Robert Monroe separately pursued
independent, more explorative and mystical approaches. Both taught
consciousness management techniques through forms of self-hypnosis. Schwarz,
practicing as the Aleithea Foundation in Southern Oregon, focused on bioregulation
with autohypnosis and subtle human energies.
Monroe's
techniques employ neuroregulation with the frequency-following response (which
he trademarked with the Monroe Institute in Virginia, as Hemi-Synch) to induce
trance, entraining both hemispheres in alpha and theta (1982).
Hemi-Synch,
also known as binaural beat technology, actively drives the modulation of
electrocortical activity through resonance effects, changing levels of
awareness and arousal, attentional focus, and cognitive content. Often combined
with biofeedback, it helps shortcut processes that would take years of
technologically unassisted yogic training.
Graywolf
Swinney (2001), Dr. Stanley Krippner, and Iona Miller have conducted trainings
in co-consciousness (Erickson, Rossi & Rossi, 1976) and theta training at
Asklepia Foundation, also in Southern Oregon. A deep state of rapport is used
in psychotherapeutic journey processes, employing shamanic hypnotherapeutic
techniques. Theta is reportedly the psychic range of the mind, generated largely
in the temporal lobes. Co-consciousness is a shared virtuality, a telepathic
rapport wherein both participant's brainwaves become synchronized into a single
holographic biofield (Miller and Swinney, 2000).
Spontaneous psi
phenomena have been associated with theta waves by Krippner (1977), the Greens
(1977), and more recently by Persinger (1987). Consciously producing theta
requires quieting the body, emotions and thoughts simultaneously, leading to an
integrative reverie, a deep focus of attention. Theta is often accompanied by
hypnagogic or dream-like imagery emanating from the temporal lobes.
John Curtis
Gowan (1975) catalogued the entire spectrum of extraordinary phenomena related
to trance, art, and creativity. In his taxonomy, he called these distinctive
modes or domains of human dynamics Prototaxic (Trance), Parataxic (Art), and
Syntaxic (Creativity).
Trance is
characterized by loss of ego, art by emotionally charged (often symbolic)
imagery, and in creativity meaning is more or less fully cognized symbolically
with ego present. In some ways, these modalities could represent the
uncanniness of precognition, the imagery of clairvoyance, and the knowing of
telepathy.
Trance is
often associated with awe, dread, horror, and panic since ego control is weak
or absent. These numinous effects are moderated in the artistic experience that
comes as visualization, audialization, emotional inspiration, sensual, symbolic
and mythopoetic imagery.
In terms of
precognition, artists are often said to be perceptually "ahead of their
time." Art is the transition phase in the relationship between the ego and
the emergent transcendent function. Transcendence is a "quantum
leap," a recurrent process, not a steady-state. It is a phase-transition
moving toward illumination. The syntaxic experience of creativity is even more
benign since the mind apprehends directly without ego dissociation. Psi
experiences become more naturally integrated – regular, inspirational and
uplifting while less frightening or awesome.
Gowan's work
naturally included both hypnosis and ESP, which he cited as consciously or
unconsciously operative at these various levels of dissociation,
ego-involvement and levels of arousal (sympathetic and parasympathetic).
Puharich (1961) found telepathic reception facilitated by parasympathetic
activation, while sending the message was stronger with activation of the
sympathetic, or adrenergic system.
For Gowan,
the accessibility of certain psychic experiences depended on the mode of
functioning. Intuitive self-knowledge is intrinsic to a wide variety of higher
mental functions. Hypnosis and self-hypnosis are clearly linked to the primal
trance, but can be applied in more integrated modes to enhance psi ability
(Krippner, 1968).
PSI
DEEPLY: HYPNOSIS & ESP
In 1967, the
Czech government tried to co-opt the allegedly successful psychical research and training program
of biochemist Milan Ryzl. After screening many candidates, he found 50
high-scoring subjects, and they proceeded to win several rounds of the Czech
lottery.
“Milan
Ryzl, a chemist who defected to the United States from Czechoslovakia in 1967,
developed a hypnotic technique for facilitating ESP. . .Ryzl’s technique
involved the intensive use of deep hypnosis sessions almost daily for a period
of several months. The first stage of the sessions was to instill confidence in
his subjects that they could visualize clear mental images containing accurate
extrasensory information. Once this stage was reached, Ryzl concentrated on conducting
simple ESP tests with immediate feedback so that subjects might learn to
associate certain mental states with accurate psychic information. Subjects
were taught to reject mental images which were fuzzy or unclear. This process,
according to Ryzl, continued until the subject was able to perceive
clairvoyantly with accuracy and detail. Finally, Ryzl attempted to wean the
subject away from his own tutelage so that he or she could function
independently. While still in Czechoslovakia, Ryzl claimed to have used this
technique with some five hundred individuals, fifty of whom supposedly achieved
success.
Other
studies have shown heightened ESP in states of physical relaxation or in trance and hypnotic states. In
fact, the use of hypnosis to produce high ESP scores is one of the most
replicable procedures in psi research.” (Mishlove, 1975).
WORLD’S
FIRST PSYCHIC TOURNAMENT
In 1973,
after hosting Ryzl for weeks in his Seattle home with many late-night
discussions on the nature of psi, physicist and parapsychologist Richard Alan
Miller created a model for anomalous cognition. Also drawing on his laboratory
experience with biofeedback, he wrote a paper called “ESP
Induction through Forms of Self Hypnosis.” In 1975, while never
claiming to be a psychic, he got to put his theory to a rather unique test: the
World’s First Psychic
Tournament.
On September
21, 1975, Llewellyn Publications, noted occult publisher, sponsored this event
in Minneapolis, Minnesota as part of their 5th Annual Gnosticon Festival. The
tournament itself was co-sponsored by the Foundation for the Study of Man,
originally set up to continue the work of Dr. J. B. Rhine and his pioneering
work in ESP at Duke University. Many famous psychics were invited, including
such personalities as John Pierrakos and Sibyl Leek.
One of the
authors of this article (RAM) was also invited to test the proposed models for
inducing ESP ability using forms of self-hypnosis. Since he was relatively
unknown for having any abilities in this ESP field, it seemed to hold some
potential as a valid first study. More than 20 nationally known psychics also
participated in this event.
The
clairvoyance test consisted of twenty (20) cards randomly pulled from ten (10)
poker decks. Each participant was to guess the suit of each card. With one
chance in four of guessing the correct suit, the average score for a run of 20
cards with no ESP ability is 5. Each participant was given five (5) different
runs. A final score determined the winner, with a total of 25 representing the
norm.
What
happened is now history: More than 50 percent of those participating showed
normal scores ranging from 22 to 27 out of a possible 100, as would be expected
in the general population. Most of the more well-known psychics showed some
seemingly paranormal ability in clairvoyance, as expected, with total scores
averaging between 8 and 12 correct answers out of 20. One well-known psychic
even had a score as high as 61 out of a total possible 100.
Using the
technique of ESP induction through forms of self-hypnosis as outlined in his
paper, however, Miller did not have a run less than 16 out of 20. His total
score was 83 out of 100. This was more than two orders of magnitude greater probability
than scores of nationally recognized psychics. He took home a first place
certificate as testament to his extraordinary performance. It still hangs on
the wall in the office.
THE
PSI FACTOR
Of course,
this anecdotal evidence does not constitute scientific proof of this model. What it does
represent, however, is a need to understand the true significance of
self-hypnosis is and how it relates to extra-sensory perception. Something
definitely made a difference in the experiment. How might this be applied to
therapy? Or perhaps to such questions as the role of placebo, spontaneous
healing based in the physically-transforming belief that you can do something
beyond your normal scope.
Miller went
on to create an ESP screening questionnaire that helps define the attitudes
that facilitate psi. It was given to 500 college students and weighing factors
were assigned to individual questions.
The
bell-shaped curve developed from the survey indicated that helpful traits
included a belief in ESP, extroversion, freedom from anxiety, easy or frequent
dream recall, hypnotizability, and a relatively expressive personality. Memory,
creativity, and visualization/association showed inconclusive results.
However, EEG
parameters showed a highly significant positive correlation between directional
alpha frequency shift and ESP scoring. More recent studies have shown an even
greater correlation for theta brainwaves and psi faculty. There also seems to
be a correlation between high ESP scores and number of reported psi experiences.
In its
Stargate Project, SRI developed even more stringent criteria for what
constitutes a viable remote viewer, based on statistical results. In their
program, the level of arousal, according to McMoneagle as told to JNLRMI,
didn’t seem to matter much. Whereas normal people are recommended to relax or
use the progression relaxation that facilitates self-hypnosis, professional
remote viewers can begin from a relaxed state and move to an excited one, or
begin excited and become calmer.
HOW
DID
HE DO IT?
So, just how
did Miller wind up beating the best psychics in the nation at their own game?
And more importantly, how can you increase your Psi-Q? Miller developed a set
of self-consistent definitions and postulates relating self-hypnosis and ESP,
both a theory and a practice.
The standard
definitions used for hypnosis often call it a borderline state between sleeping
and waking, i.e. body asleep, mind awake. Any state characterized by an intense
concentration of attention in on area, accompanied by a profound lack of
attention in other areas, may also be considered hypnosis. It opens us to our
psychophysical impressions by limiting external input.
With this
type of definition, everyone is considered to be continually in a light state
of hypnosis, witness “white line fever” while driving, or the plea, “I was
spaced-out.” Musicians call it “being in the groove,” others “sharing a
wavelength.” Our social roles are also like trance states with their intrinsic
patterns. When we go in public we wear the ‘armour” of our persona and immerse
ourselves in that self-image.
Charisma is
also a form of hypnosis akin to Mesmer’s original “animal magnetism.” Traumas
also create trance states with automatic behaviors that can persist for years.
The “scripts, games, and rackets”of Transactional Analysis can also be seen as
trance states, where we habitually replay our typical ways of dealing with
self, others, and world. So the question becomes not “if” one is hypnotized,
but what kind of trance and its depth one is in at any given moment.
The depth of
hypnosis, which is an implied issue in this definition, may be defined as the
difference between the intensity of concentration in one sphere or area and the
depth of inhibition in others. Attention focused in one area creates a
corresponding lacuna, or lack of attention, in other areas of the brain.
Centering the attention for prolonged periods, often with suggestions for
further deepening, leads to deeper states of hypnosis. With these definitions,
a useful model for relating hypnosis to psi phenomena is possible.
Psi Theory:
Postulate I: The conscious
experience is associated with the nervous processes which take place above a
certain critical level of awareness/alertness. This function, defined as I(c),
varies considerably in a state of hypnosis, where attention is focused.
Postulate II: Psi Energy,
arbitrarily defined as E(psi), is an equivalent in the field of extra-sensory
phenomenon of what, in our three-dimensional world, is called energy.
Correlate A: E(psi) is not
limited by time.
Correlate B: E(psi) can not be
transformed into other energies (i.e. physical energies,; converting heat into
light).
Correlate C: E(psi) operates by
manipulating the transformation of physical energies.
Postulate III: Psi Energy, is
responsible for extra-sensory perception and psycho-kinetic phenomenon (PK).
Postulate IV: Psi Energy is the
product of some aspect of the metabolic processes. Physical data regarding the
relationship between metabolic processes and extra-sensory perception can be
found in Beyond Telepathy, by Andrija Puharich.
Postulate V: The generation of
Psi Energy rapidly decreases the level of alertness. This immediately explains
why:
(1) each
conscious act has a limited duration,
(2) why we
experience a permanent train of changing thoughts, and
(3) why our
attention permanently shifts from one object to the next.
When you
think, Psi Energy is created. The Psi Energy automatically decreases the level
of alertness so that one shifts to something else.
Postulate VI: The intensity of
conscious experience, I(c), depends on the time rate of the generation of psi
Energy. Mathematically, this is described as dE(psi)/dt = A(e) x I(c).
The rate of
change of E(psi) as a function of time is equal to some geographical constant,
A(e), times the intensity of concentration, I(c). More simply stated Psi Energy
is equal to a geographical constant times the intensity of concentration, I(c),
times the amount of time that the thought is held. E(psi) = A(e) x I(c) x t
If we cannot
make any particular thought last long enough, it should be sufficient to repeat
it again and again until the value of the individual brief periods add up to a
sufficient value. The equation now becomes E(psi) = A(e) c I(c) x [t(1) + t(2)
+ t(3) + …]
Postulate VII: The formation of Psi
Energy, which is created by a holistic psychophysical act, preserves the
semantic control of the thought that created it. In essence, your thought is
uniquely distinct. If you deviate from your thought slightly, it is a different
thought-form, including the psychosomatic component. There is a tangible shift
in the mind/body.
The Method:
(1). Formulate the question.
(2). Hold that thought for as long as possible.
(3). Assume that the event has occurred.
(4). Drop into a “blank mind” state and wait.
When
questioning or desiring thoughts are intense enough, lasting long enough, or
repeated frequently enough, psi is produced in sufficient intensity and
structure to be detectable in the physical world. This may occur in hypnotic
states, in states of intentionality, elated or traumatic emotions, or when
interest, motivation, or desire is strongly increased.
The
individual confronts the continuum with desire and prolonged concentration. The
question being asked must be intense enough to impress itself on the
unconscious. Lacking intensity, the signal will not be perceived.
Intentionality strengthens the signal path.
Consciousness
is then dropped into a “blank” state, an empty state, or “beginner’s mind.” The
actual visualization is a switch from the concentrated point to the void. When
this occurs the information is impressed on consciousness, resulting in a
psychophysical perceptual event. This event is independent of both space and
time.
Ordinarily
when people spontaneously fall into trance states, they are generally not in a
“blank mind” state of expectant emptiness. There is the chatter of subconscious
thoughts going on even as the process deepens toward sleep. These thoughts are
generated and go on automatically at a subliminal level, often without
awareness.
Consequently,
the information or signal path gets distorted, and weird patterns emerge, much
like those experienced in dreams. In a waking dream, distorted signals may be
perceived as “spirit guides”, automatic handwriting, or other autonomous
related phenomena of trance states. We have seen earlier that Gowan
characterized this loss of ego-awareness as the Prototaxic Mode.
Puharich
believes reception is enhanced by “parasympathetic activation” in which there
is an increase in released acetylcholine. He claims that telepathic sending of
information is easier when there is an increased amount of adrenaline in the
system. These metabolic processes are not “causal” but merely correlates of psi.
Psi meaning comes through intense visual, auditory, and kinesthetic
psychosensory experiences.
This
“energized enthusiasm” can be seen in states of emotional involvement and
artistic inspiration (Parataxic Mode), as well as creativity (Syntaxic Mode).
Parataxic experience consists of relationships with multisensory images whose
meaning remains on the symbolic level.
Syntaxic
experiences occur when the consciously aware ego cooperates willingly with the
subconscious forces. Here knowing and meaning are clearer and fully cognized
with minimal distortion. Other higher forms of concentration include
biofeedback, meditation, tantra, peak experiences, higher Jhana states of yoga,
and so on. Concentration is intense, structured and prolonged.
Discussion:
ESP is often
observed in hypnosis,
a state characterized by a single intensive thought. Recurrent cases of
psycho-kinetic phenomena, such as the haunted-house variety, are often reported
to be connected with previous trauma or tragic events, associated with intensity
of concentration, I(c).
The
frequently reported cases of crisis telepathy – ESP contact between two
persons, one of which is dying or in grave danger – are necessarily associated
with intense thought or concentration, even obsession and a highly aroused
state. The length of time experienced depends entirely upon the circumstances;
in some cases there is subjective dilation of time perception.
The
discovery of mental impregnation, known in the literature as psychometry
suggests that repeated identical thoughts increase the expected psychic effect.
Wearing a ring for a long time may “imprint” memory of the wearer onto the
ring; just slipping a ring on and off and handing it to a psychometrist will
not generally reveal any memory of the wearer.
Religious or
spiritual traditions assert that repeated prayers may be more effective than
single ones. In other words, the more you repeat the same prayer, or mantra, or
the more you do a single ritual, the greater the effect. Along that line of
reasoning, “tithing” might be seen as a factor of one’s time or attention,
rather than money. Some meditation schools, for example, require no money but
10% of your daily time (2.5 hours) in meditation.
The
stimulating action of psi formation on the brain may account for memory, more
particularly, active recollection. The influence of psi formation increases the
level of awareness of the neuro-patterns corresponding to the thought to be
remembered. The synapses are flooded over and over with the same chemical
messengers and electrical signals. The correlating psychosomatic content is
consciously re-experienced.
DREAM
TELEPATHY AND BEYOND
“In
1969, Charles Honorton and Stanley Krippner reviewed the experimental
literature of studies designed to use hypnosis to induce ESP. Of nineteen
experiments reported, only seven failed to produce significant results. Many of
the studies produced astounding success. In a particularly interesting
precognition study, conducted by Fahler and Osis with two hypnotized subjects,
the task also included making confidence calls – predicting which guesses would
be most accurate. The correlation of confidence call hits produced impressive
results with a probability of 0.0000002.” (Mishlove, 1975).
Krippner
went on to conduct research in Dream Telepathy (1973) with Montague Ullman,
following the lead of other Maimonides Hospital (Brooklyn, N.Y.) researchers,
such as Frederick Myers. These experiments in nocturnal ESP are foundational
and though never replicated, the results were highly suggestive of a strong psi
correlation.
Their
ten-year study concluded that dream reports can show the effect of telepathy,
clairvoyance, and precognition. Their hypothesis was that ESP is more common
during dreaming than waking and therefore an "agent" could more
easily transfer the target thoughts or imagery to a sleeping subject,
influencing their dreams.
Such
prominent dream researchers as David Foulkes (Belvedere & Foulkes, 1971),
Gordon Globus (Globus et al., 1968), Calvin Hall (1967), Robert Van de Castle
(1971), and Keith Hearne (1987) attempted to repeat these findings. Because the
replication rate from these other laboratories was inconsistent, the Maimonides
team did not claim to have conclusively demonstrated that communication in
dreams can sometimes transcend space and time. However, they did open a
promising line of investigation.
Years later,
Stanley Krippner and Michael Persinger, a Canadian neuroscientist, reviewed the
entire body of dream research data from Maimonides Medical Center, selecting
the first night that each subject in a telepathy experiment had visited the
laboratory. They matched the results of these nights with geomagnetic data,
discovering that the subjects' telepathy "hits" tended to be higher
during calm nights than during nights marked by electrical storms and high
sunspot activity (Persinger & Krippner, 1989).
Persinger
(1974) has urged using reported psi phenomena in new and ingenious ways,
observing, "Across
cultures and throughout history people have been reporting psi- experiences.
Let us find out what they are saying. . .It is by looking at the similarities
of the verbal behavior that we may find enough consistencies to understand the
factors responsible for the reports” (p. 13).
Persinger
(e.g., Schaut & Persinger, 1985) has examined several collections of
spontaneous cases, including the 35 gathered by Stevenson (1970), reporting
that they seem to occur most frequently when geomagnetic activity is calmer
than the days before or after the experience - - and lower than the month's average
activity.
This
approach can be applied to any collection of cases (e.g., Persinger &
Krippner, 1989) where the date of the alleged experience has been recorded. If
repeatable, these effects may help to provide an understanding of the
mechanisms underlying psi phenomena, and may even indicate a potentially
predictable pattern for such events.(Krippner)
Geomagnetic
field perturbations have been reported to affect biological systems by other
investigators (e.g., Subrahmanyam, Sanker Narayan, & Srinivasan, 1985).
Persinger (1989) has proposed two interpretations of the geomagnetic field
effect. The first is that psi is a geomagnetic field correlate; solar
disturbances and consequent geomagnetic storms affect this correlate. The
second is that the geomagnetic field affects brain receptivity to psi, which
remains constant.
In the
latter interpretation, psi is always present in space and time, waiting to be
accessed by crisis, emotion, or by optimal laboratory stimulus parameters.
Geomagnetic activity may affect the detection capacity of the brain for this
information, especially the neural pathways that facilitate the consolidation
and conscious access to this information. Without this geomagnetic activity,
awareness of the psi stimulus might not be as likely and the brain's
"latent reserve capacities" would not be utilized.
Taking this
argument one step further, Persinger (1989) points out that deep temporal lobe
activity exists in equilibrium with the global geomagnetic condition. When
there is a sudden decrease in geomagnetic activity, there appears to be an
enhancement of processes that facilitate psi reception, especially telepathy
and clairvoyance.
Increases in
geomagnetic activity may suppress pineal melatonin levels and contribute to
reductions of cortical seizure thresholds. Indeed, melatonin is correlated with
temporal lobe-related disorders such as depression and seizures. (Krippner)
CYBER
PSI TRAINING
So what
direction can we expect psi research to take in this new millennium? Clearly, the
experimenters themselves want to follow a self-directed course rather than the
mandates of a government-driven program. They would like access to private,
academic, and government funds, with leading edge equipment: high-ticket brain
monitoring equipment such as 90-channel EEG, fMRI, SPECT, and ERP. They would
like to practice without a professional stigma attached to their pioneering
work.
Several
theories of psi have been put forth throughout the years. Psychologist Rex
Stanford, altered-states expert Charles Tart, post-quantum physicist Jack
Sarfatti, and psi researcher Charles Honorton, as well as physicist Helmut
Schmidt have all developed models for ESP and precognition. Each embodies
certain possible, even plausible factors. Some researchers worked with Eastern
swamis and yogis to understand the mechanisms and induction techniques or
evocation of this psychic power.
Quantum
theory predits that empty space (the vacuum) contains an enormous amount of
residual background energy known as zero-point energy (ZPE). Physicist David
Bohm, biologist Rupert Sheldrake (researching psychic pets) with his
morphogenetic fields, and Ervin Laszlo propose zero-point or vacuum potential
mediation for psi. The superdense quantum vacuum may be a physically real
field, including but not limited to gravitation and electromagnetism. Perhaps
it can transmit psi.
However,
they can’t provide any experimental protocols that might test such theories. Is
psi a field or a quantum effect? Fields link phenomena in time as well as
space. But, fields themselves cannot be observed; only the influences
propagating through them.
Other
theories suggest phase-conjugate pilot waves, scalar waves, virtual states,
hyperfield flux, holographic hyperchannel effect, complementarity, even
uncertainty. Biophysical theories for the paranormal bridge include Josephson
junctions, microtubules, and liquid crystals as psi transducers.
Honorton and
others long ago found defects in old psi testing techniques and addressed
criticisms with new methodology. They eliminated variables like subconscious
cueing by covering the subjects’eyes with split ping-pong balls and playing
“white noise” into their ears.
Researchers
hypothesized that this neutral field would function as a less-distracting
“blank canvas” for psi hits. So it served a dual purpose of refining
experimental procedure and minimizing distracting sensory input. These
experiments, (known as Ganzfield tests), were replicated by many experimenters
in many facilities, with encouragingly similar positive results. Other tests
were conducted in sensory deprivation chambers and electrically-shielded
Faraday cages.
Experimenter
bias, the tendency to find what one seeks, is an occupational hazard, though
skeptics have found positive psi correlations. But careful interpretations of
models, artifacts, experimental method, instrumentation, randomization, target
selection, statistical inference, sensory leakage, recording errors, and
controls can’t be rigorous enough.
Proper scientific
control for ESP research has been refined over the years, though cheating and
frauds have plagued the field, and the naïve scientist. One solution to this
dilemma lately has been to experiment with the field-tested government Remote
Viewers, who have established track records. They have their own reports of
their subjective experiences – not the results of their missions – but the
sensations that led to the observation or retrieval of those images.
Remote
viewer Ingo Swann, called the father of RV, argues for the demystification of
psi. Swann’s model supercedes the traditional psi paradigm and focuses on the
hardware issues discussed in neurobiology and information theory.
Swann argues
for systematic and deliberate development of this ability much like athletic
training, as well as conceptual understanding. He prefers the term Distant
Mental Interactions with Living Systems (DMILS) to ESP. He wants this capacity
tested in the context of physical science as part of man’s natural spectrum of
senses. He claims applying focus or attention on the perceptual apparatus with
feedback on results “fine tunes” psi ability.
His concrete
approach and insightful conclusions include his view of our sensory apparatus
as a “transducer array” to convert information from one form to another. He
calls his human “software” program a “mental information processing grid.” He
simply converts various forms of input energy to another form his sensory
system can “read.”
We do much
the same when we interpret the electromagnetic signals that come through the
air from a voice into meaning in our brains. He suggests we can develop the
ability for several transducers of signals, depending on our exposure to the
cognitive processing of these signals.
Targ claimed
to see reasonably sharp and clear pictures. In remote viewing, if the mental
picture doesn’t form, one is left with a mere “impression,” a less-precise
signal. The signal is compared against memory to determine if it is meaningful
to the task at hand – the target.
In other
words, you can develop this ability through practice and feedback of the
accuracy of your perceived signals. Pathways that work get reinforced. The
process is very similar to psychophysical learning with biofeedback, such as
alpha and theta training.
Swann argues
for learning to fine tune one’s signal to noise ratio, learning to notice
direct sensory data as well as imaginal signals, such as feelings, intuition,
impressions. Repeated exposure and accurate feedback strengthens recognition of
subtle and implicit relationships. Can cybernetic machines, such as random
number generators, computers, and biofeedback devices help us hone psi
faculties?
Swann
emphasizes the difference between message and its structure. An experienced
viewer can put together mental images from subtle cues. In RV, the signal
appears as symbols, sounds, feelings, tastes, pictures, and holistic
impressions. One learns to organize them based, again, on repeated feedback.
Misconceptions,
fears, rigid concepts, body movement, excessive gastrointestinal activity,
sleepiness, language categories, and other psychological “baggage” can be
sources of confounding noise. Other blocks come from trying too hard, and
distracting daydreaming or preoccupying thoughts. Telepathy, empathy or
rapport, and charisma seem to be related and clearly come into play during
therapeutic entrainment.
BIOPHYSICS
OF PSI
Nothing is
known about the physical mechanism of ESP, or anomalous cognition. No one knows
what modulates performance. Even those who can demonstrate psi in the
laboratory on demand, cannot account for signal nonlocality or distant
interaction. The origins of the data are not revealed, only the conclusions
with their level of resolution or accuracy. This is where the models of
information theory and biophysics come into play.
Physicist
Lian Sidorov proposes two working models for non-local communication and
intent-mediated healing:
1). Direct
transmission (entrainment) of specialized electromagnetic frequencies, observed
primarily in proximal healing; and,
2). Distant
healing and remote viewing/diagnosis, where the target’s electromagnetic
profile is modulated from a distance via partial entanglement of
subject-target.
He cites the
research of Finnish physicst Matti Pitkanen as a model for “directed entanglement”
between the subject and target – the magnetic sensory canvas hypothesis.
Pitkanen conjectures that distance healing involves transfer of specific
electromagnetic frequencies through quantum wormholes for near-instant transfer
of information.
The
transmission may trigger certain brain frequencies and psychophysical changes.
Thus, amplification of the signal leads from quantum to macroscopic effects.
Pitkanen suggests the brain is a sensory organ of our electromagnetic selves,
and may be linked to planetary rhythms through Schumann Resonance.
In his
model, the EM fields are not directly carried from sender to target. They are
simultaneously generated at the two locations by a vacuum (geometrical) current.
Therefore, they remain coherent while by passing the paradox of non-attenuation
with distance. Neural processing and quantum events may interpenetrate.
This still
doesn’t really account for origins of the data, but merely the transmission
modes. Biophysics researchers are attempting to follow the signal back to its
source. The research must be interfaced with current theories in the natural
sciences. Then it can be considered empirical; the paradoxical anomaly can then
be linked within the known framework of knowledge. Is there really a field, or
field-like continua, capable of transmitting information beyond the recognized
limits of time and space?
Laszlo
(1996) suggests that the natural processes of complexity and chaos could
amplify vacuum-level fluctuations into significant inputs to behavior, and that
the brain, another chaotic system, could receive and amplify these signals
which can penetrate into consciousness.
SHAVING
WITH OCCAM’S RAZOR
Occam’s
Razor is a principle applied in science that contends problems should be stated in
basic terms, not making more assumptions than needed to choose the simplest of
equivalent models. Many hypotheses are proposed, tested, and rejected. Their
validity is debated exposing their flaws and underlying assumptions.
Additional
relevant hypotheses and unrelated statements are weeded out. Experiments with
the sensitivity reveal which yield the most accurate predictions. If two rival
theories pass empirical tests, the simpler one must be preferred. When it comes
to conspiracy theories, we apply Hanlon’s Razor: “Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately
explained by stupidity.”
But before
we can find answers, we have to ask the right questions. Once we ask the right
questions, we often have all the information needed to solve the problem.
Unfortunately, in the case of psi, it may be that our understanding of physics
is still too incomplete to solve the riddle.
Lian
Sidorov, editor of Journal
of Non-Locality and Remote Mental Interactions has posed many incisive
questions:
How
is information stored and retrieved nonlocally by consciousness?
This
simple question contains the essence of all psi paradoxes, from spontaneous
events like precognition and telepathy to carefully engineered processes like
retro-psychokinesis.
How can one
strengthen the signal line?
What is the
significance of electromagnetic signatures detected at the target in remote
conscious interactions?
What is the
earliest physiological detector of psi information in the transduction pathway
to conscious awareness?
What
determines the direction of information flow in nonlocal interactions; for
example, between healer and patient?
What
are the technical requirements of an experimental program and how do we develop
the most suitable types of equipment to detect such effects?
Sidorov
(2003) summarizes his discussion with expert remote viewer, Joe McMoneagle:
“What
you are saying seems to be that: 1. everything you will ever know is already
contained in your universe, although not necessarily accessible to your
conscious mind – that comes with the effort involved in RV, or is revealed
spontaneously as in “precognitive” 2. “when” a given target event takes place
relative to the experimental present is irrelevant, because all the information
is already available; 3. other people’s expectation and feedback should not
affect your results, as long you are careful to task yourself in a way which
does not include those elements. 4. “Making contact” with the target is more
like flipping to the right page in your book than reaching anything in space
and time.”
Are there
preferred pathways for the signals in psi phenomena, windows of psi
“sensitivity”? How specifically is the target recognized? How does one modulate
and target “intent”? How does the signal rise above the threshold of awareness?
Mental
intent seems to create cognitive bridges between subject and object, operator
and target. We can also learn to recognize certain psychophysical patterns in
ourselves through feedback. The physical and the psychical are inseparable.
There appears to be an energetic/informational component, perhaps based in EM
frequencies and holographic interference patterns. Holographic processes do
occur in nature, including holographic information storage. The holographic
field is a physical reality composed of interference waves.
In
Scientific American (Aug. 2003), Bekenstein poses the question “Are you a hologram?” and
states quantum physics says the entire universe might be. Can a somatic EM
hologram possibly amplify as little as one quantum of energy into an effective
signal? Are there holographic hyperchannels? Information in a field is
holographic and the propagation of holographic interference patterns is
quasi-instantaneous. Every part of the field contains the whole informational
content, just in lower resolution.
“Each
particle of mass in our bodies represents one closure of the entire universe –
yielding a holographic reality – and deeper communication with ourselves is
identical to communication with the universe, including any part of it, at any
distance. Furthermore, in hyperspace the future and the past are all present.
Since a particle does indeed exhibit a four-dimensional component for 1/137 of
the time, each particle does connect to the future and to the past. With
selective tuning and kindling any part of this holographic reality is
accessible. However, because of the smallness of a single selective signal in
the midst of the totality, the channel is quite noisy. For this reason skilled
psychics – persons who have been found to have a greater fidelity for selective
tuning – can be expected to produce better results than the normal person.” (Bearden, 1988).
Entanglement
seems to occur somehow between all participants of a given intentional set-up.
We have no idea how the non-local factor of target specificity is accomplished,
other than intent and training. Do subject and target share a unified
holographic field? Are standing waves picked up and carried by the Schumann
Resonance, or transmitted by scalar waves or a gradient in the vacuum
potential? Are the brains entrained on a resonant frequency? Does DNA function
as a multi-mode antenna regulating growth, evolution, and perhaps psi?
Are specific
interference patterns in the brain decoded and amplified? Ambient ELF fields
and human bioreceptors, such as liquid crystals and piezoelectric crystal
calcifications, have been suggested.
How we can
increase our sensitivity is yet another question. The signal is perceived
against a transient background of chaotic noise, and amplified by the body’s
physiological pathways. Desire, intense concentration, and spiritual focus have
been suggested. The trance state has been proposed as restricting the amount of
input while allowing access to subtle perceptions.
Mind is a
dynamic function of the entire organism at all levels of self-organization.
Constantly fluctuating local parameters are embodied and amplified through the
body’s electromagnetic control hologram. Mind/body modulates our sensitivity to
external and internal information. Researchers measure a brainwave known as
Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) to measure anticipation, anticipatory
strategies, or readiness to respond; this stimulus can be informative or
uninformative, carry content or just be an alert.
Remote viewing
requires super-sensitivity and super-efficient states. It is not the result of
cognitive training, but a gradual remolding of the entire psychophysical
structure and metabolic pathways. Thus, the mind/body becomes a highly
coherent, information-transparent transducer.
Vast
information resources are hidden in unexplored manifolds of the mind/body
continuum. In psi research, the study of nature and our nature – our potential
– becomes entwined. As Einstein (1934, The
World As I See It) said, “We
are seeking for the simplest possible scheme of thought that will bind together
the observed facts.”
Remote Viewing by Joseph McMoneagle
REFERENCES
Beckenstein,
Jacob (2003), “Information in the Holographic Universe”, SciAm, Aug. 03. pp.
58-65.
Bearden, Thomas E. (1988). Excalibur Briefing: Explaining Paranormal Phenomena.
San Francisco: Strawberry Hill Press.
Erickson, Milton H. and Ernest L. Rossi & Sheila Rossi (1976). Hypnotic
Realities, New York: Irvington Publishers, Inc.
Gowan, John Curtis (1974). Development of the Psychedelic Individual, privately
printed for the Creative Education Foundation, Northridge, California.
Gowan, John
Curtis (1975). Trance, Art, and Creativity, privately printed for the Creative
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Green, Elmer and Alyce (1977). Beyond Biofeedback, San Francisco: Delacorte
Press.
Honorton, Charles (1967). "Creativity and precognitive scoring
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Vol. II.
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Laszlo, Ervin (1994). “Toward a Physical Foundation for Psi Phenomena.” J. B.
Rhine Lecture. American Parapsychological Assn., Amsterdam, August 8, 1994.
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Iona Miller and Richard Alan
Miller, 2003
Organization for the Advancement
of Knowledge, Grants Pass, Oregon
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