"All the World's a Stage We Pass Through" R. Ayana

Showing posts with label hidden history. Show all posts
Showing posts with label hidden history. Show all posts

Thursday, 5 January 2017

Super Volcano! History's Great Secret: The Global Catastrophe of 535 AD


Super Volcano!
History's Great Secret: The Global Catastrophe of 535 AD

 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Super-volcano_Tierazon_fractal_Tiera4414.jpg


by Michael Relfe
 

History repeats itself.  And the greatest secret of history, what you were never taught at school or college, is that our planet had a global catastrophe in historic memory, in 535 AD[…]

Something happened which caused the light of the sun to be dimmed greatly around the globe for 18 months.  During this time, many trees did not grow at all.  This event was followed by 30 years of unprecedented droughts and some flooding.  This caused the death of a vast percentage of the population through starvation and disease.  

It is likely that the cause of this catastrophe was the eruption of the super volcano Krakatoa.  (Note: The terms "Super volcano" is used for a volcano with hundreds of times the power of any that we have visually recorded in the past few hundred years. Use the term "super volcano" for further research). We now have two super volcanoes showing signs of getting ready to erupt.  Each is bigger than Krakatoa.  One is in Naples Italy and the other in Yellowstone USA.  The Powers That Be know all this and are keeping this knowledge to themselves. That is probably one reason why they have so many DUMBS (Deep Underground Military Bases)[…]


“In AD 535/536 humankind was hit by one of the greatest natural disasters ever to occur ….  It blotted out much of the light and heat of the sun for 18 months and resulted, directly or indirectly in climatic chaos, famine, migration, war and massive political change on virtually every continent”.


This is in the opening page of “Catastrophe” by David Keys, 1999, a book that should have been on the best seller lists but very few people know of.  The book took four years to write and research, and is extremely well researched.  One can only assume that the Powers that Be are happy to keep this knowledge from the public.  This article is an attempt to summarize that book and discuss some of the implications.

The contemporary Roman historian Procopius described the mystery climatic disaster: The sun gave forth its light without brightness like the moon during this whole year.

Sixth century historian and prominent church leader John of Ephesus wrote of 535 AD in his ‘Historiae Ecclesiasicae’ (‘Church Histories’), “There was a sign from the sun, the like of which had never been seen and reported before. The sun became dark and its darkness lasted for 18 months.  Each day, it shone for about four hours, and still this light was only a feeble shadow.  Everyone declared that the sun would never recover its full light again.

Another 6th Century writer Zacharias of Mytilene wrote, “The sun began to be darkened by day and the moon by night.”

A Roman official known as John the Lydian reported that the sun became dim for nearly the whole year.”

In Italy a Senior local civil servant, Cassiodorus Sentaro wrote in 536, “We marvel to see no shadows of ourselves at noon….We have had a spring without mildness and a summer without heat.”

According to Keys, this one global disaster directly or indirectly caused the deaths of a huge percentage of the world’s population.  It indirectly affected the politics on every continent and contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire. The 100-year period after it occurred is the heart of history’s so-called Dark Ages.” 

In 536 the Japanese Great King Senka wrote, “Yellow gold and ten thousand strings of cash cannot cure hunger. What avails a thousand boxes of pearls to him who is starving of cold?”

Here is some more evidence from the book that there was a major global disaster in 535 AD.

“In the late 1960s an American tree-ring specialist, Valmore La Marche of the University of Arizona, collected a substantial number of high-altitude bristlecone-pine tree-ring samples from Campito Mountain in California. They showed a reduction in tree-ring width (i.e. tree growth), suggesting climatic deterioration, from 535/536 with a much more serious deterioration in 539.  Growth did not then return to normality until the late 550s.”

“In the 1980s, another American academic, Louis Scuderi of the University of Boston, collected a large number of foxtail-pine tree-ring samples from California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains and these told a similar story, although the foxtail-pine data suggested that the period of climatic deterioration lasted even longer … almost 40 years”.

(Note: He does mention that low-altitude tree-ring evidence from New Mexico and Arizona shows no evidence of climatic problems in the years following 535).

“In Yucatan (south-east Mexico) … painstaking analysis of lake deposits over recent years has revealed evidence of a severe multi-decade (20 to 50 years) drought which seems to have started in the mid sixth century…. The research carried out by scientists from the University of Florida and published in 1996 revealed that the sixth century drought was the first such event for almost 1,000 years and was not repeated for another three centuries.”

“Tree-ring evidence from Scandinavia and western Europe also reveals a huge reduction in tree growth in the years 536-542, not recovering fully until the 550s.”

“Tree-ring evidence from the British Isles shows that tree growth slowed down significantly in 535-536 and did not fully recover until 555”.

“In South America, tree-ring data obtained from ancient Fitzroya conifer timbers have revealed that a dramatic cooling of temperature took place in AD 540… 540 was the coldest summer for the past 1,600 years.”

“Continuous tree-ring chronologies, going back to the 6th century AD and beyond, exist for Finland, Sweden, the British Isles, central Europe, the Aegean, Siberia, North America, Chile, Argentina and Tasmania.  In a substantial percentage … the period 535 – 550 stands out as a time of unusually low tree-ring growth. In several key chronologies, that 25-35 year period contains many of the narrowest ring sequences known for the past 2,000 years….  From 538 or, in many places, 540, there was an almost universal massive decline lasting between two and eight years…This was particularly marked in the Southern Hemisphere.”


https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/MtRedoubtedit1.jpg


(This next study is especially interesting because it suggests that the US government has been aware of the 535 disaster for some time and were prepared to spend a lot of money to study it):
Back in 1983 a team of US scientists from Ohio State University’s Institute of Polar Studies climbed onto Peru’s 18,711-foot-high Quelccaya Glacier and succeeded in extracting two roughly 530-foot-long, 3.25” diameter ice-cores… Refrigeration equipment could not be flown in… (The ice-cores) had to be broken up into 6,000 2” long samples, each of which was packed in its own individual container and allowed to melt.

The Ohio team then had to carry the 6,000 samples down from the glacier using mountaineering ropes and crampons… The material finally arrived in Ohio…The analysis revealed several episodes of dust storms, almost certainly caused by drought. By far the most intense and long-lasting episode, and the one that started most abruptly, was a period of drought which appears to have struck in the mid sixth century and to have lasted around 30 years.”

“In Columbia…an analysis by Columbian archaeologists Clemencia Plazas and Anna Falcheti revealed that the mid to late sixth century was the driest period in … 3,300 years.  From 100 BC to AD 1,000 the climate was almost uniformly wet – except for the mid to late sixth century.”

“A recent total reassessment of the evidence has now led archaeologists to redate the collapse of the great Mexican city of Teotihuacan to the Sixth Century A.D….An American anthropologist, Rebecca Storey of the University of Houston, has analyzed data from more than 150 skeletons … Her findings reveal that in the years prior to the collapse, 68.3% of the working class population were dying before the age of 25, compared to 38.6% in more normal times.”

He argues persuasively that it was this climatic disaster that indirectly caused the many plagues at that time, including the ‘Great Death’.  Normally mice in wild areas in East Africa carry fleas which carry the plague harmlessly among wild animals.  Keys believes that unnatural weather following the 535 incident, especially an excessive drought followed by excessive-rainfall, caused the spread of these rodents to other areas. Eventually the rodents met and passed the flea onto the black rat which normally did not have plague.  The black rat in turn passed it onto humans.  The plague reached Egypt in 1941.   Trade in ivory by ships from Egypt to Europe carried the plague with it, killing whole cities. Up to 1/3 of the Roman Empire died horribly in the first massive outbreak of plague.  People would get a sore on their body and be dead within 2 or 3 days. More died in subsequent outbreaks.  Extrapolating from death rates of the much better recorded plague in the 14th Century, in Britain possibly somewhere between 60% and 90% died of plague, both peasants and members of the elite.

The 535 event was associated with some kind of dust / chemical pollution.  In 541 the 13th Century British historian Roger of Wendover wrote, “There dropped real blood from the clouds, and a dreadful mortality ensued.

“In China in 536 there was drought and famine and “yellow dust rained like snow… The crops were ruined the following year by snow in August.””

“Starting in the 530s, a horrific 32-year long drought devastated parts of South America.”

The global catastrophe caused drought and flooding.  Climactic extremes continued for roughly 30 years after the event.

“An analysis of British weather between 480 and 650 confirms that the period 535-555 was abnormally unstable.”


What caused the global cataclysm?


Keys says that the disaster must have been caused by an asteroid impact of about 2.5 miles wide, a comet impact or a volcanic eruption.  He gives a number of reasons why it was not an asteroid or comet.  For example, the last time we got hit by a cosmic object of this size was 52 million years ago.  Comets are also very rare. Both would have created at least a 25 mile wide crater or have produced such a tidal wave that would have rivaled Noah’s flood.  We do not know of either of these things happening so recently.  Most importantly, neither would have produced enough dust to have darkened the sun for so long.

The most likely culprit is a super volcano, because in order to dim the sun, tons and tons of dust had to be thrown into the sky.  A super volcano can do this by forcing huge quantities of sulphur into the stratosphere, which become sulphuric-acid aerosols, capable of staying aloft and directly changing the weather for several years.

Here is more evidence that the Powers That Be know all about this and how important it is:

“In 1978, a joint Danish/Swiss/US Scientific team landed on the south-Greenland ice cap in several large freight aircraft specially fitted with giant skis.  The planes – US military C130 Hercules – carried massive quantities of equipment, including generators, refrigeration units, prefabricated living quarters – and a huge drill. 

This later piece of hardware was used to extract – in 6.5 foot lengths – some 1.25 miles of ice-core!  In temperatures of between around 14 degrees Fahrenheit and minus 22 degrees Fahrenheit, engineers and scientist from Copenhagen University worked in three shifts, 24 hours a day, drilling deeper and deeper into the ice cap at roughly 400 feet per week.

Then, early in the second year of the operation … the team extracted some lengths of core covering the second quarter of the sixth century AD. … Chemical analysis of this … ice revealed that there had been two substantial volcanic eruptions.  These same eruptions were then detected in a second core drilled in summer 1990 in central Greenland.

… The dating of ice-cores is at that time depth is only roughly accurate…. For eruption (number) one the core gave an apparent date of 527… while the (other) core … yielded an apparent date of 530.

The volcanic explosion must have been very substantial, as evidence … shows that acid-rich snow was falling at the (first) site… in Greenland for more than two years and at the (other) site for at least a year.

The final clinching evidence, however, comes from 10,000 miles to the south – from deep inside the Antarctic ice cap.  … Scientists, again using ice-cores, discovered evidence of a truly massive volcanic eruption.  The ice-core material revealed that acid snow had cascaded down on the Antarctic for at least four years running….(This) occurred sometime  between 490 and 540.”

It is very possible that both Greenland and Antarctica events were the same event.

So, then the next question is, which volcano was the culprit?

After putting a lot of different facts together, Keys pinpoints the culprit as “Krakatoa, the notorious island mountain which brought death and destruction to Java and Sumatra in the 1880s.  Could a former bigger eruption of Krakatoa have been responsible for the catastrophe that tormented the world in the mid sixth century AD?...

Buried deep in a little-known and normally ignored Indonesian chronicle is an extraordinary passage … describing a huge volcanic event in the Sunda Straits area... where Krakatoa is located…The earliest surviving manuscript of this chronicle dates form 1869…

“There was a furious shaking of the earth, total darkness, thunder and lightning… Then came a furious gale together with torrential rain and a deadly storm darkened the entire world.”

The chronicle – known as the “Pustaka Raja Purwa (‘The book of Ancient Kings’) … claims that the eruption was so massive that …. “After the water subsided the mountain (which had burst into pieces) and the surrounding land became sea and the (single) island (of Java/Sumatra) divided into two parts.  This (event) was the origin of the separation of Sumatra and Java.” “

One problem with this text is that it was written 1,300 years after the event.  But Keys explains how it was possible that that information was a real event, and how it was recorded and passed down through the generations.

“One key piece of evidence (that this is a true record) is that volcanologists who have read the eruption account in the 1869 manuscript of “The book Of Ancient Kings” say that it is a very good description of the type which almost certainly did occur in the Sunda Straits…. They believe that neither western scientists nor Javanese scholars in the 1850s or 1860s would have had the geological data to reconstruct the probable sequence of events and geography.”


Reconstructing the Eruption


“Typically, volcanic eruptions are preceded by increasingly frequent and violent tremors.  Often, the larger the eruption, the longer the seismic run-up to it will be…. Throughout the second half of 534 earthquakes would have struck the region at the rate of one or two a day.  In the weeks immediately before the eruption , the rate would have accelerated to a peak of 50 per hour in the final 24 hours, mainly in the 1-3 Richter Scale range.

Although it is a controversial proposal, it is geologically possible that Sumatra and Java were one island prior to the 535 super-eruption – exactly as the Javanese “Book of Ancient Kings” describes.  The 535 eruption would therefore have burst forth from a volcanic mountain…..

(In) the first phase of the eruption …a vast cloud of ash would have billowed forth, followed by a column of read-hot magma…The second phase began with a vast explosive event that shot even larger quantities of molten magma into the air at up to 1,500 mph – reaching heights of perhaps 30 miles… The shock wave from the explosion would have devastated everything in its path for up to 20 miles…. The heat (would have) forced the ash cloud heavenwards.  As the mushroom cloud increasingly blotted out the light of the sun, and day was turning into night, ash would have rained down on forests and fields alike up to 1,000 miles away…The water-vapour component (in the stratosphere) would have condensed to tiny ice-crystals. It is estimated that the entire eruption may have generated up to 25 cubic miles of ice crystals, which, spread out in a thin layer in the stratosphere, would have caused sunlight diffraction and cooling over vast areas of the globe.  Super-fine volcanic ash and huge quantities of sulphur and carbon dioxide would have had similar effects.  Unlike ordinary volcanic ash, which falls to the earth within a few months, hydro-volcanic ash, high-altitude frozen-water-crystal clouds and sulphuric-acid and carbon-dioxide aerosols (minute drops) can stay in the stratosphere for years.

In the second phase part of the mushroom cloud would … have collapsed back, spreading horizontally…This hot, poisonous wall of destruction would have moved outwards to perhaps as much as 40 miles…killing anything in its path.”

In the third phase, even more explosions etc. would have happened.  Because the magma chamber was empty, the land fell downwards and the sea rushed in. 

This affected the sunlight, and the weather, for years to come.  This in turn affected the food and water supply of everyone on the planet.

“Today, all that is left of this massive collapse is a 25-mile diameter, mainly underwater caldera

“Krakatoa … is among the half-dozen largest calderas … in the world.”

“Procopius, referring to the darkened sun, later wrote that “from the time this thing happened, men were not free from war, nor pestilence, nor anything leading to death.”


Could such a catastrophe happen again?


https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Yellowstone_Caldera.svg/2000px-Yellowstone_Caldera.svg.png


In Yellowstone National Park is the world’s largest dormant volcano.  It covers 1,500 square miles. It will almost certainly one day burst forth upon the world as Krakatoa did.  “It appears to erupt roughly once every 600,000 – 700,000 yeas – and the last eruption was exactly 630,000 years ago…. What’s more, the last decade has seen a substantial increase in potential pre-eruption activity”.

Keys wrote in 1999: “Since 1988, upward pressure exerted by the magma reservoir and magma-heated water-vapour has forced hundreds of square miles of land to rise by three feet….

Another potential catastrophe is a currently dormant super-volcano in Long Valley, California.  Keys wrote in 1999: “Over the past 20 years, this too appears to have become progressively less stable….What’s more, earthquake clusters are becoming much more intensive…

Beneath Naples in Italy is another super volcano.  “Since 1969, pressure from this magma has caused land to rise and fall twice – by almost 6.5 feet. In the early 1980s, it generated up to 300 small earthquakes per week.  It’s been known to have erupted catyclysmically twice – once 37,000 years ago… and once 12,000 years ago….

The fourth truly major volcanic caldera currently displaying ominous signs of increasing restlessness is that of Rabaul in Papua New Guinea…. Five other large potentially active caldera volcanoes exist in the Alaskan Aleutian Islands and Mexico….If any one of these volcanoes explode, world climate would be plunged into chaos, precisely as it was in the sixth century”.

Keys says that when Yellowstone blows, Las Vegas and Phoenix will be covered with a three foot layer of ash.  He doesn’t say so, but I presume this would suffocate anyone in the area who did not have an oxygen supply for several weeks.

It is very interesting that this scenario sounds very like the prophecy called "Night of the Red Skies." A number of people can predict the future. But few get the timing correct. Stalking Wolf, also called "Grandfather", was an Apache wise man and scout who grew up outside the influence of the white man.  His  many predictions not only came true in the MANNER he predicted, but also WHEN he predicted. He had four main predictions for the whole of mankind. Whenever one vision happened, the chance of the next vision happening increased. Two of these visions have come true. According to his prophecies, the earth can now no longer be healed by physical means alone but also requires spiritual healing. See http://www.relfe.com/red_skies.html

Here is part of the vision of the Night of the Red Skies: "This, then, is the third sign, the night of the bleeding stars. It will become known throughout the world, for the sky in all lands will be red with the blood of the sky, day and night. It is then, with this sign of the third probable future, that there is no longer hope. Life on the Earth as man has lived it will come to an end, and there can be no turning back, physically or spiritually. It is then, if things are not changed during the second sign, that man will surely know the destruction of the Earth is at hand. It is then that the children of the Earth must run to the wild places and hide. For when the sky bleeds fire, there will be no safety in the world of man." He goes onto say that there will be one year for the Children of the Earth to find safety away from the worlds of men, because after that:

"There will be a great famine throughout the world, like man cannot imagine. Waters will run vile, the poisons of man's sins running strong in the waters of the soils, lakes, and rivers. Crops will fail, the animals of man will die, and disease will kill the masses. The grandchildren will feed upon the remains of the dead, and all about will be the cries of pain and anguish. Roving bands of men will hunt and kill other men for food, and water will always be scarce, getting scarcer with each passing year. The land, the water, the sky will all be poisoned, and man will live in the wrath of the Creator. Man will hide at first in the cities, but there he will die. A few will run to the wilderness, but the wilderness will destroy them, for they had long ago been given a choice. Man will be destroyed, his cities in ruin, and it is then that the grandchildren will pay for the sins of their grandfathers and grandmothers."

Stalking Wolf did say that Night of the Red Skies did not have to happen if enough people change their ways but that is not happening at the moment. Note that in this vision, the water is poisoned. Could the next super volcano affect out water supply by putting down toxic metals and chemicals?

This catastrophe is different from many of the cataclysmic events that have been proposed, such as a pole shift. So long as you don't live within a very large radius of the volcano itself, you will not be killed immediately. However, a BBC documentary said that one super volcano killed animals by covering them with ash 1,600 km (1,000 miles) away!. So it is clear that if Yellowstone blows a big one, it will wipe out about half of the US.


Whenever I spoke with people about pole shifts, some said they weren't concerned because they figured that if it happened they would just die quickly and that would solve their problems. This disaster is not like that one. So long as you live a long way away, have a supply of water from a well, filters for your water, stored food for ten years (which is easier to do than you may think) and a way to protect yourself, you can survive. It would be a good idea to get a Hulda Clark zapper to kill any viruses and bacteria from any disease outbreaks. Try ebay.com.

Most importantly of all, prayer can guide you to a safe place at all times.

As for timing of Yellowstone, while most people seem to think we know everything about these volcanoes, the same BBC Documentary mentioned above had this to say:

Steve Sparks: It is actually very difficult to say for sure what is happening underneath a volcano like Yellowstone. It could be that the next super eruption is another hundred thousand years from now or it could be tomorrow. http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s1343737.htm#transcript

Don't count on anyone else to help you out. Here's a story to illustrate my point. My wife Stephanie and I wanted to see some land in Arizona from the air, so we hired a pilot to fly us over it. He seemed like a very nice, intelligent, successful man. During conversation, the subject of preparing for catastrophes came up. He said something to the effect that he was already prepared for that. We assumed that meant he had already stored food. But on further questioning him, he said something to the effect that, "There are a lot of Mormons around here. They store food for a year. I have a gun so I can go and take it off them."!!!! We were astounded. The picture of this man taking food from starving children left us totally shocked and virtually speechless. 300,000,000 Americans. How many have this mindset? This was in prosperous times. How many will get that mindset if faced by catastrophe?

If you think the government is going to help you, think again. Think of Hurricane Katrina. It took the government FIVE DAYS to bring in water to the main holding areas of people. People die after three days without water. And that was when they didn't have millions of other people needing help. Remember FEMA is a resource, NOT a responder. The states are supposed to respond to disasters. Do the states store food? Think again!

The government does have a lot of DUMBS - Deep Underground Military Bases. Presumably they have stored food. But it's doubtful that you will get a free lunch from them. If they let you in and feed you after the catastrophe robs the world of world food supplies, they will probably want your soul and to at least take an implant and vaccine before they give you an MRE (Meal Ready to Eat). See http://www.rense.com/ufo/boringmachine.htm and
http://www.subversiveelement.com/DulceSchneider.html

There are reports that world food reserves are dangerously low. See for example http://www.kurtsaxon.com/foods004.htm. Is this all part of a deliberate plan?

Here's a photo from Dr Richard Sauder Ph.D. of a 1982 (25 year old technology) U.S. Air Force Tunnel Boring Machine: (Dr Sauder's website is www.sauderzone.com but it seems to be down).


tunnel boring machine


graph natural disasters


The following graph was created from data obtained from United States Geological Survey web site.

graph earthquakes


To start you off on storing food, just get a huge bag of rice from Sams for a few dollars. You can store food easily by buying very large bags of rice, beans, corn etc. Put them in a mylar bag with dessicants and oxygen absorbers. Seal the mylar bag and place it in a 5 gallon drum. Seal the drum. Dry food can last ten years that way. Also store some flavourings like dried herbs, tomato and onion. There is lots of information on the net on this. Search on preparedness. Visit www.standeyo.com.

If the Creator decides to be kind to us, this catastrophe may not happen for decades or a lot longer. And hopefully in that time we can move the Satanists out of the government. And put in groups of independents who really CARE for people. Unlike back in 535 AD, we do have the ability to produce large quantities of food. And we do have the ability to desalinate and filter sea water. There could be solutions if the consciousness of the people of the world rises enough and enough of the evil people are removed from power.


From Health, Wealth & Happiness @ http://www.relfe.com/07/super_volcano_ice_age.html




Secrets of the Dead - Catastrophe: How the World Changed (Krakatoa & the Dark Ages)



- Scroll down through ‘Older Posts’ at the end of each section


Xtra images -  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Super-volcano_Tierazon_fractal_Tiera4414.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/MtRedoubtedit1.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Yellowstone_Caldera.svg/2000px-Yellowstone_Caldera.svg.png

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Tuesday, 20 December 2016

How Your Money Was Stolen: A Very Brief History of Taxation in America



How Your Money Was Stolen
A Very Brief History of Taxation in America

declaration-founders

 



“100% of what is collected is absorbed solely by interest on the Federal Debt … all individual income tax revenues are gone before one nickel is spent on the services taxpayers expect from government.”
~The Grace Commission Report, 1984


No one living before the Constitution of 1787 could have believed the seven ways to Sunday Americans are now taxed. Under the Declaration of Independence and the first American constitution of 1777, The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, association among the confederate states and a state’s interaction with federal authorities was 100% voluntary.

Though paying taxes was a voluntary act, the federal legislature (never referred to as government), did have legitimate operating expenses, and depended on property taxes collected from and given by the states voluntarily in varying amounts. It was this inconsistent funding that historians thereafter have considered the deal-breaker issue for what has been called the “failure” of this first American union.

 

A Second Constitution Provides New Powers of Taxation

 


The untold rest of the story? The Framers of the U.S. Constitution of 1787 seriously wanted centralized authority which was non-existent under The Articles. Far from being commoners, the Framers of the 1787 U.S Constitution were either landed gentry of prominent families, or had risen to the strata of aristocratic American society due to intelligence, education and intent, as did Benjamin Franklin, the tenth son of a soap maker. Make no mistake; these men gleaned knowledge about governance and taxation from the British Crown and the Church of England’s system of tithing. The U.S. Government came into existence with the establishment of the U.S. Constitution of 1787.

Not long thereafter, in 1791, Alexander Hamilton lobbied Congress. He wanted an excise tax to accelerate the payment of national debt incurred during the American Revolution. Also known as the Act of March 3, 1791, this tax law enforced government’s new ability to compel performance (force and the power of distraint giving authority to seize personal property for payment.) Unaccustomed to this new form of government and laws of the U.S. Constitution, some of the earliest Americans took offense. Hamilton’s excise tax incited them to rebel in the 1794 Western Pennsylvania Whiskey Rebellion. An excise tax laid on the manufacture of alcohol had not lawfully applied to them. Those who then lived in Pennsylvania, an original state established under The Articles, were called “free inhabitants” and lawfully remained so.

Here’s why.

According to the law definition of territorial jurisdiction, only those living on land owned by said government are also subject to its laws. As of 1791 U.S. Government federal lands consisted of the Northwest Territory but excluded the original thirteen states of The Articles. Even so, President Washington sent in troops to silence the tax protesters of the Whiskey Rebellion.

In 1798, the Fries’ Rebellion led by John Fries of Pennsylvania, opposed the enforcement of a direct federal property tax. Even though the Whiskey and Fries’ Rebellions had not been waged on lands subject to U.S. Government territorial jurisdiction, the federal government captured and convicted rebel members for the supposed act of treason. John Fries was pardoned by President Adams after his conviction. Fries had been a “turn-coat” infiltrator for the government militia against those of the Fries’ Rebellion.

 

Theft of Private Property

 

 

“[E]very Man has a Property in his own Person. This no Body has any Right to but himself. The Labour of his Body, and the Work of his Hands, we may say, are properly his. The great and chief end therefore, of Mens uniting into Commonwealths, and putting themselves under Government, is the Preservation of their Property.”
~John Locke, English philosopher and political theorist, 1632-1704


slave_of_liberty_taxation


Taxation on labor (income tax) was an unimaginable, unheard of kind of tax until the latter half of the nineteenth century. Labor was one’s personal property, the bread of life of natural and common law. To tax labor was considered direct theft, an outright assault against property rights of the individual.

The first income tax act Congress passed was the Tax Act of 1861. The Act stated the territorial jurisdiction of which and to whom the tax would apply: “every person residing in the U.S.” Yet, this tax was never enacted.

Soon to follow, Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1862 which led to the creation and opening of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) to collect the new income tax. For the first time, a tax on one’s labor was imposed on the people of the United States. Its purpose was to defray the many costs incurred by a Civil War already underway.

Again, in 1864, Congress authorized an additional income tax to augment the payment of war debt. This 1864 additional tax required Americans pay five percent when earning between $600 and $5,000, seven and one-half percent if between $5,001 and $10,000 and ten percent on anything above $10,000. After the Civil War, the rate modified to a flat rate of five percent and then to two and one-half percent. With the purpose of the income tax to pay off Civil War debt, the Revenue Act of 1862 was repealed and ended in 1872.

Until 1913, for forty-one years, no substantial effort was made towards the reinstatement of the 1862 income tax law. Prosperity in America reigned supreme during that period; the only tax funding the government was a tariff tax on imported goods. However, during that same period, the Supreme Court focused on several tax cases.

 

Supreme Court Tax Cases

 


An 1883 Supreme Court decision, Butchers’ Union Co. v. Crescent City Co., 111 U.S. 746, cited that one’s labor was, in fact, one’s property. Then, in another case, Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co, 1895, the very same Supreme Court that had supported the passage of the Tax Act of 1864, did an about-face and decided against a proposed Income Tax Act of 1894.

The Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co. 1895 Supreme Court decision against the Tax Act of 1894 determined it to be a direct-tax scheme and therefore unconstitutional. Given that taxation of real estate (personal property) was lawfully a direct tax, so also would be the taxation of any and all personal property, including money earned from one’s labor. Therefore, a tax on labor was exempt from the explicit tax powers of Congress granted in a portion of Article I, Sections 2 and 9 of the U.S. Constitution.

Article I. Sections 2 and 9:

“Direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states,” and “no capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.”

Decisions of the United States Supreme Court were to be bound to the written law of the U.S. Constitution, the professed law of the land.

“This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.” Article VI, U.S. Constitution

Yet in 1913, the government overturned the 1895 Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & Trust Co. decision. What happened? The U.S. Government laid a claim. It said that a 1913 Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution gave them the authorization to levy an income tax on the people without the constitutional requirement of apportionment confirmed by the Supreme Court.

However, another Supreme Court case challenged government plans to renew income taxation. This was the 1916 Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co. 240 US 103 case. It decided that the U.S. Constitution clearly stated that direct taxation of the people must be apportioned to a State by a certain percentage of a State’s representation. In other words, this Supreme Court decision established that the Sixteenth Amendment had not altered, added, or removed any words from the Constitution.

“…[the 16th Amendment] conferred no new power of taxation…[and]…prohibited the…power of income taxation possessed by Congress from the beginning from being taken out of the category of indirect taxation to which it inherently belonged….” ~Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co. 240 US 103

Given Supreme Court rulings are bound to the Constitution, one would rightly assume apportionment as regarded direct taxation would be reinstated. Wrong. “Justified” by the Sixteenth Amendment, the U.S. Government reinstated its powers of income taxation. The BIR increased their staff and operating systems to capture the coming new big wave of government funding.

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The Rest is History

Most Americans in 1913 paid no income tax. The average annual earnings of a middle-class family were approximately $800 and only people earning $3,000 or more annually were requested to voluntarily comply by filing a 1040 form to pay a one percent in taxes. A one percent income tax rate ninety-nine years ago has morphed to a graduated tax-rate of fifteen to thirty-five percent depending on one’s yearly earnings.

In 2016, those married under 65 filing jointly need to file if they make more than the filing threshold requirement for W-2 income of $20,300. This actually ends up as a much lower dollar amount (inflation –adjusted) than the $3000 original threshold requirement of 1913: In 2016 inflation-adjusted dollars for $3000 in 1913 is $71,851, which, if using the same $3000 threshold amount, would mean only those today making $71,851, or more, would need to file income tax.

Perhaps needless to say, many questions arise from the chronology of these facts and events.

“You are among the millions of Americans who comply with the tax law voluntarily.”

-      Form 1040 Tax Instruction Booklet, 1992

 

 

Susan Boskey is author of the book, The Quality Life Plan®: 7 Steps to Uncommon Financial Security. After exposing the bottom-line of why more and more families need credit each month just to make ends meet, Susan provides game-changing practical strategies, tactics and templates to help you create a life of greater ease. You can reverse the downward trend of credit and debt while learning how to establish a long-term, debt-free lifestyle; a life that allows you to build both financial wealth and the wealth of well-being midst the challenges of today’s economic landscape. To learn more or to purchase the book, please visit her website at http://TheQualityLifePlan.com

Susan can customize her strategies and templates for your particular situation and is available to coach you through this process. She can be reached through her website.




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