"All the World's a Stage We Pass Through" R. Ayana

Showing posts with label Yull brown. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Yull brown. Show all posts

Monday, 11 January 2016

Water – Fuel of the Future Today


Water – Fuel of the Future Today
The Future of Energy Is Here

http://pesn.com/2009/11/23/9501587_ChrisEckman_BrownsGas_model/Plasma_Orbital_Expansion_Theory_Chris_Eckman_500.jpg


By Michael Rome


Back in the 70s a scientist named Yull Brown discovered an amazing amount of energy within water.  He found this energy using a well modified form of electrolysis.  Brown studied the unique properties of this energy as well as gave a hypothesis as to what it consisted of.  This new form of energy became known as Brown’s Gas, as is even to this day.             

However, the hypothesis submitted by Brown proved incorrect time and time again.  It is a well known fact now that electrolysis cannot produce the energy documented in Brown’s experiments.  Electrolysis, by its very definition, consists of the transfer of electrons [which would occur at the electrodes], thereby creating known forms of H and O as dictated by The Laws of Electrolysis.  Regardless, there remained unaccounted for, an energy source far beyond any limits of known hydrogen and oxygen.  This undefined energy source has been my definition and use of the term Browns Gas and not the hypothesized version Dr. Brown gave.  I have always held true to the fact that, whatever form this was, it could not be any version of H and O containing monatomic or diatomic structures.  I was also certain it did not arise from electrolysis, for that would cancel out any energy finally available after great losses. 

My definition and use of the term Browns Gas, or HHO, is naming the unsolved properties within the water molecule. I was still giving credit to Dr. Brown because he did observe this energy first regardless of whether it was created by accident or an unintended byproduct.  Dr. Brown was not aware how the modified electrolysis created the new energy source, but thanks to my Proton Theory, we know now.  It was never the electrolysis portion of the reaction which created ‘Browns Gas’, instead it was the electromagnetic radiation produced by the charged electrodes.  Any product that came in contact with the plates became part of the electrolysis ‘waste’.  The remaining product only affected by EMR became the real Browns Gas.  This product is, as I have just discovered through fault by association, should NOT be labelled Browns Gas less it be categorized alongside the failed hypothesis given by Yull Brown bearing the same name.

The upside to this realization is another wonderful discovery regarding water.  The product containing all the potential energy within water is nothing other than; water.  What is the difference is that this form is actually the fourth state of water, PLASMA.  Water has never been observed in the plasma state [and realized at the time], therefore its structure is unknown.  My Proton Theory describes how the transition occurs as well as what must be avoided so that electrolysis cannot be initiated.  Water in its plasma form is the source of the most energetic potential within the smallest volume of space we have yet to discover.

With my theory we can now move ahead to design the most efficient system that changes water to plasma state while simultaneously providing the proper environment so that the newly created ions can become attracted to each other and not carried away separately. 

Until update is completed, please note any reference using the term ‘Browns Gas’ is to be understood as this final state of water containing its full potential.  All subsequent work will include the correct references as well as details on plasma water.


From The Future of Energy @ http://www.brownsgas.info/


http://www.waterwelder.com/ppt/what%20is/img003.gif 

The Proton Theory of Brown's Gas: Accounting for the Energies in Water

 

An overall summary of Michael Rome's "proposed Proton Theory that identifies the true energy within water as well as giving Brown's Gas a defined structure and composition, one that accounts for its documented energy and properties."

Preface by Sterling D. Allan


On Oct. 29, Michael Rome wrote:

I have been researching in the field about 8 years now and have reached a point where I need to get the information out. I have found exactly what HHO is made of and precisely how to produce it. More importantly I have found the true energy in water that was never discovered. I have an almost complete scientific theory I want published, as well as to inform all those like me, it will make the fuel cell process almost perfect. If you would like to be a part of these discoveries please respond and I will send you a brief overview.

I have so much I've discovered I'm thinking maybe of making several CDs to fit it all. Thank you hope to hear back.


He subsequently launched a website, http://www.Brown'sgas.info, and posted this introductory article: 


The Proton Theory: Accounting for the Energies in Water

 http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4125/4833482995_1e30501e39_b.jpg

Plaque on the wall of Yull Brown's workshop - Image: R, Ayana


by Michael Rome
email: mrome@Brown'sgas.org


One common thread in all growing fields of alternative energy sources is the necessity for those interested to understand the basic principles and to be able to predict the outcomes. The latter is imperative because it sets consistent parameters so that using the energy source becomes predictable and easy to apply. The standards of gasoline ensure all that use it know its power and capabilities. This order allows us to design a system it works efficiently with. One gallon of gas in Louisiana has the same properties as a gallon in China. Consistency is the key in energy sources.

However, in order to design a consistent energy source, one must first understand its basic principles. Even with obvious irrefutable physical evidence, such as in the situation with Brown’s Gas, the technology cannot advance into popularity until THE question is answered completely; “How does it work?” If the resulting energy output cannot be justified by the process that produced it, then the technology falls into 'pseudo' or 'fringe' science and is called over unity/ perpetual motion. Of course, by witnessing the physical outputs, we know this process works, yet for others, the 'How' must be justified before they accept it.

Common uneducated thought assumes that if something appears to break the Laws of physics, then it is either not real, doesn't work, or is not efficient. In fact, nothing breaks the Laws of physics; these Laws are not a borderline that once crossed, the technology fails to work. Rather, the Laws are proof that something is really working. If something must defy the Laws of Physics in order to operate, it simply does not operate. The mere fact of its operation, efficient or not, proves it obeys the Laws. The Laws of physics guide us to investigate deeper until all variables have been accounted for.

There is no such thing as 'over unity'. The concept was the product of an incomplete understanding of a process where one could not account for every variable associated with it. Often times, not every detail of a reaction is seen or understood. When one claims over unity or perpetual motion, they have not accounted for everything seen, unseen, unknown, undiscovered. Such is the largely debated energy source, Brown’s Gas, which is produced from water. It is easy to account for the electrical energy applied to the fuel cell, yet the output far exceeds this minuscule amount. What is not considered, or even understood, is that the water added to the cell contains the rest of the energy.

The necessity and desire to understand this massive amount of potential energy in water has been the driving force behind the proposal of my Proton Theory. This undiscovered potential energy contained in the water molecule is so massive that it is no wonder why no living organism can live without it.



The Basics


To become proper Brown’s Gas, water must first be broken down into its basic components
without forming unwanted structures (diatomic or monatomic forms). None of water’s components can bond with anything else until they are completely freed from their relations within the molecule’s structure. This first and foremost is accomplished by using sophisticated electronic circuitry, as well as unique electrode and cell materials, designed solely for the purpose of not allowing any product to come in physical contact with the electrodes. From this detail, no electrons are exchanged, which ultimately allows the cell to produce proper Brown’s Gas efficiently. The electrodes draw on the polar properties of the water molecule, which pull hydrogen in one direction and oxygen in the other. At this precise time in the reaction, Brown’s Gas is produced; but only if excess current or energy does not exist to draw the gas’s components to the electrodes.

Water consists of two separate (and not bonded together) hydrogen that share electrons with one oxygen. The hydrogen in water is called protium, and it does not posses a neutron. The electron which it shares is on its first orbital shell and on the second orbital shell of the oxygen. Ionization Energies teach us how likely an atom will gain or lose an electron on each of its electron shells. In this instance, oxygen's ionization energy on its second shell is almost three times stronger than hydrogen's first (and only) shell [3388kJ/mol vs 1312kJ/mol respectively]. This ultimately dictates the first steps of water's disassociation. These immediate atomic forms, produced via polar forces of the electrodes and being determined though ionization energy, are the actual components of Brown's Gas.



The Product


http://imgusr.tradekey.com/p-5268444-20110427071712/small-size-portable-brown-gas-generator-hho-gas-generator.jpg
The protium once sharing their only electrons with the oxygen breaks from the bonds with their electrons (as well as its bond with the shared O electron). The resulting product is H+, a simple and free proton; pure energy. The oxygen which retains both electrons from the two protium, now has a full outer electron shell, and is the oxygen ion O-2[oxide]. To this point, the least amount of energy has been used [ionization energy of hydrogen’s 1st shell] to remove the protons from their bonds to electrons, and the simplest most stable forms have been created, including a desired full outer shell [for oxygen].

These forms can be proven by not only considering basic fundamentals of chemistry, but with simple physics as well. Once the protons of protium are no longer forcing the electrons to remain stationary, the valence electrons of the O-2 by their nature begin to orbit freely. The Protons [H+] remain close, attracted to the negative charge of the oxide, without bonding back again [until the gas is activated]. The energy levels of electrons in the second orbital can help us to understand one of the many energy forms observed in Brown’s Gas. The [8] orbiting electrons on the O-2 have a specific mass [9.11X10-31Kg each] while the shell they are in has a specific energy level [3.485X10-18J]. These constants can give us the total amount of kinetic energy produced by the valence electrons. This kinetic energy is utilized as Brown’s Gas [and] is activated when 'ignited' and aimed at a substance.


As the gas is consumed, the H+ are forced into the electron shell of the oxide and cause all motion to halt immediately and reform water. The basics of inertia, Newton's Law of Motion, and the Laws of Conservation of mass and energy describe what happens next. When the cumulative mass of the electrons at such speeds are forced to either stop orbiting or change their motion, this enormous amount of kinetic energy must go somewhere, much like a bullet traveling at high speeds transfers its kinetic energy upon impact. Although this kinetic energy is present when other similar bonds are made [such as O2 forming], it is normally dissipated and not useable. However, in the unique structure of Brown’s gas, the free protons that have attracted to surround the oxide become a rigid backbone of the gas limiting its movements and concentrating this kinetic electron energy in a manner that we can harness.

This massive amount of kinetic energy [subatomic] existed prior to the disassociation of water as potential energy within the molecule. True to the Laws of science, all matter and energy can be accounted for both before and after the reaction. All that was altered was the structural relations of water's components. This allows the potential energy in water to become kinetic and available for use. The many other forms of energy can now be calculated and hypothesized on once this simple and fundamental truth is understood. It can also help [to] explain why almost all life forms require water, which has no apparent nutritional value. This specific process may be used by all life to sustain energy levels critical for survival. It is not the H2 and O2 structures that biological reactions require, but a simpler more energetic one; the energy dubbed Brown’s Gas.



Reactions with Matter


In summary, considering the kinetic energy these findings have identified
are, in fact, subatomic, it stands to reason why this energy source has such unique effects on any substance it contacts. The components of Brown’s Gas are much smaller in size than most material it is applied to. It can easily penetrate into the molecular structures [nuclei even] of these objects and apply to it massive amounts of kinetic energy. This, coupled with the fact that these subatomic particles and ions are electrically charged, explains why this gas has countless electrical and thermal properties.

In addition to the precise penetrations, Brown’s Gas is reductive [implosive] in nature, therefore, it does not scatter or destroy the material it affects. Instead, it draws the molecules/atoms closer in, further concentrating the energy released into an area 1860 times smaller than the gas itself. Gasoline is nowhere comparable, as it expands and scatters its energy to an area 25 times larger than itself. This property of BG allows formations which normally would be impossible given other circumstances. In one such reaction, Brown’s gas turns feldspar into moonstone, or corundum into ruby. Naturally high pressures are required to offset the explosive/expansive forces of the thermal energy present. Instead, a 'vacuum' of sorts offsets this need, making it quite easy to accomplish what otherwise takes centuries, if not millennia, to achieve.



Summary


As one is well aware, my focus of research and investigations
into my proposed theory has been defining the true structure of Brown’s Gas; so that in clarifying what it is, we can justify, predict, and/or quantify the true energy contained in water. This theory removes any guessing or assuming what it is in order to prove how it works. So much research and discoveries have been accumulating since Yull Brown discovered this energy source and what it can do. I felt compelled to compound on this technology and solidify the physical results. Although this energy and its properties are nothing short of amazing and mind boggling, its basic foundation is extremely simple; perhaps the simplest to date. There is no 'over unity', no perpetual motion, no defying Laws of science to put out more than what was put in.

Every step to harness the true power in water consists of basic science. Once this process is better understood, more advances can be made in fuel cell design as well as applications of the energy. The original discovery of water disassociation using electrolysis 200 years ago holds true today, yet it would take today’s technology to discover that, with proper and specific design requirements, one could create a far better system with a far more powerful product.

In essence, the long standing formula [2H2O ↔ 2H2 + 2O2] is correct, but it is not the first nor only way. Now, we find that [H2O ↔ 2H+ + O-2], and it is this structure that can change all we 'knew' about water and its energy.



http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4130/4833482989_48e8829653_b.jpg
The late Geoff Moxham and the late Yull Brown - Image: R. Ayana


For more information about Brown’s Gas see http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/browns%20gas
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Saturday, 18 January 2014

Transmuting Radioactive Elements: Safe Disposal of Radioactive Waste

Transmuting Radioactive Elements
Safe Disposal of Radioactive Waste: Clean Energy Review

 

The Case for Advanced Transmutation Processes

Advanced Transmutation processes can handle nuclear waste on site without disturbing or affecting the ambient conditions, and can be managed, if so required, by robotics. They are inherently tunable to treat specific radioactive isotopes, as required, or mixtures thereof. The estimated capital costs are extremely low -- probably less than 1% of the AECL concept and the engineering research and development to achieve "manufacturer prototype" stages should last less than one year, based on the currently acquired experience.

The duration of the process is extremely brief -- ranging from minutes to a day -- decreasing forever both present risks and hazards as well as those for future generations well into the millions of years.

Should Canada decide to embark on the Advanced Transmutation modes, it would have acquired an edge on a very exportable clean technology.


Deviations of Decay Rates

Since the discovery of natural radioactivity, it was generally believed that these processes obeyed orderly, simple decay rate formulae and that nuclear processes operated completely independent of extra nuclear phenomena such as the chemical sate of the system or physical parameters such as pressure or temperature. A solid body of scientific literature describes a small percentage variation of the order of 0.1 to 5% in the decay constant under a variety of chemical and physical conditions.

The standard definition of half-life or half-decay time is the time taken by a given amount of a particular radioactive substance to undergo disintegration or decay of half of its atoms.  Measured half-lives vary from less than a millionth of a second to billions of years in the case of Uranium. There are four modes of decay, three are named after the first three letters of the Greek alphabet, i.e., alpha, beta and gamma and the fourth is the recently discovered proton decay.

By way of review, for the Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom, the nucleus is composed of the heavy particles or hadron or the proton and the neutron and surrounded by a cloud of electrons (or light particles or leptons) the number of which depends on the atomic number (for neutral atoms) and also the valence state (for ionized atoms). Alpha particles are Helium nuclei, 4He.2 consisting of two protons and 2 neutrons and beta particles are electrons (negative charge) and positrons (positive charge) and gamma rays, the short wave length of the electromagnetic radiation band and the proton is a hadron. Alpha particles and protons are strongly interacting particles as are all hadrons.

The current model of beta decay is that an inter nucleon neutron spontaneously decays into a proton and an electron (or beta particle and an anti-electron neutrino, no ® p. + e. + nc.  A neutrino is a zero rest mass spin 1/2 particle which conserves momentum in the decay process. There are many pure beta emitters throughout the periodic table, Carbon 14C and deuterium are two examples. Beta particles penetrate substance less deeply than gamma radiation but are hundreds of times more penetrating than alpha particles.  Beta particles can be stopped by an inch of wood or by a thin sheet of aluminum foil, for example. The energy of most emitted alpha particles are stopped by a piece of paper and the most energetic gamma rays require a thick piece of lead or concrete.

Electromagnetic radiation emission from atomic processes can be in the x-ray energy range and nuclear in the x-ray and gamma ray energy range.

It is believed that all radioactive atomic nuclei decay spontaneously without prior cause at a specific and steady decay rate which differs for each radioactive isotope. Some precise measurements of half lives have been made which show deviations of the standard type decay curves which appear to depend of extra nuclear variable conditions -- non nuclear in origin and structure.

Variations in the decay constant N = Noe-lp with T1/2 = 0.693/l is based on crude instruments from some 70 years ago.  Later, with more sophisticated electronics, the value of l of the decay of Beryllium was, 7Be was first shown in 1949 to deviate by 0.1% between atomic BE and molecular BeO. In 1965, the l of Niobium, 90Nb is altered by 4% between the metal and the fluoride form, as discussed by G. Emery. H. C. Dudley reported on studies that have varied decay characteristics of twelve other radionuclides with changes in the energy states of the orbital electrons, by pressure, temperature, electric and magnetic fields, stress in monomolecular layers and other physical atomic conditions.

The alteration of decay rates by extra nuclear processes may not be truly random and requires a new theoretical model.  As these effects occur, the term nuclear may need to be expanded to reactions and processes involving the entire atom and even multi-atom crystal matrix forms rather than just mass-energy changes in only the nucleus.

Not too well known is a quite prodigious body of work on the persistent effects of chemical states and physical environment on the deviation in the lifetimes of nuclear decay rates from the accepted decay law. Theoretical as well as experimental research has been conducted. In 1947, R. Daudel and E. Segré predicted that under certain conditions a dependence of the decay constant on the chemical and physical environment of the nucleus should be observable and subsequent to these predictions such a dependence was experimentally observed (with R. F. Leinzinger and C. Wiegand) in the K capture decay of 7Be and the internal conversion decay of the 99m isomeric state of Technetium.

During the decay process, the chemical environment of the nucleus is changed, thus altering the decay constant. R. Daudel pointed out that the isomeric decay constant of the 2-keV isomeric state transition in the Technetium isotope 99mTc arose from a change in the electron density near the nucleus. J. C. Slater suggested that the faster decay rate observed for the RTcO4 compound form is due to a greater squeezing of the Tc atoms with the metal Tc-Tc bond distance of 2.7 Ã…. Note that the symbol Ã… refers to the distance measure of one Angstrom which equals 10-8 cm.

A good example of the effect of a chemical change in the nuclear environment during radioactive decay is for the intensity change of the 122-keV E2 gamma ray observed for the 90mNb isomeric state of Niobium.  This effect on the decay rate for the 21 second transition was an order of magnitude greater and in the opposite direction than observed in 99mTc and was achieved at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory by J. O. Rasmussen and his colleagues, J. A. Cooper and J M. Hollander in 1965.

In 1975, Elizabeth A. Rauscher lengthened beta emissions for 20Si simply by surrounding it with specifically designed matrix material, thereby lengthening the decay rate by about 6% with only 15 minute exposure, demonstrating the impact of environmental conditions on radionuclides.

Natural, low-energy transmutation phenomena have been observed for centuries. In 1799, the French chemist, Nicolas Louis Vauquelin noted that hens could excrete 500% more lime that they take in as food, suggesting a creation -- transmutation of Calcium Carbonate. Many similar phenomena are noted in the scientific literature to occur in vegetation processes of plants as well, whereby new elements and minerals would inexplicably emerge. Nobel Nominee Prof. Louis Kervran replicated these numerous reports and advanced very far the understanding of natural, non-radioactive transmutations, acquiring in this pursuit a term for such transmutations, Kervran reaction, while engendering solid physics support from the Institut de Physique Théorique Henri Poincaré physicist, Olivier Costa de Beauregard who has stated since 1974 that the theory of weak neutral currents accounts for the transmutations observed, with all due respect for the physical laws of Conservation.  The theory of neutral currents gave its authors, Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1979.

de Beauregard proposed the following equations for biological transmutation:

                                                  n ® p + e- + n                    (1)

                                                  p + n « p + n'                    (2)

                                                  p « p' + n + n'                    (3)
          The Olivier Costa de Beauregard equations for biochemical transmutation


These equations imply the conversion of a neutron (n) to a proton (p) by virtual exchange processes -- the neutral currents of Weinberg.  These processes produce protons ( p and p') of different energy levels; and two neutrinos ( n and n') of different energy levels.  n represents the anitneutrino and e- the electron. In one state the proton will be bound to an atomic nucleus, and in the other state, it will be relatively free in a chemical binding.

Physicist Dr. Andrija Puharich managed to observe and photograph Kervran reactions in vitro, using a high-power dark-field microscope developed by the Canadian scientist, Gaston Naessens. Kervran reactions were documented by him to include the oxygen atom entering into a virtual nuclear reaction with p or n to yield 14N or 19F, using an electrolytic process similar to that of Prof. Yull Brown (discussed below), and disclosed by him as his U.S. Patent 4,394,230, Method and apparatus for splitting water molecules.

There exists as well the phenomenon of transmutative "digestion". L. Magos and T. W. Clarkson of the British Research Council Carshalton Laboratories noted disintegration of the radioactive isotope 203Hg ingested by rats, a volatilization that they ultimately attributed to such bacteria as Klebsiella aerogenes.

On June 19, 1995, Texas A&M University hosted a low-energy transmutation conference, sponsored by the "father of electrochemistry", Professor Emeritus, Dr. John O'M Bockris. Some of the papers noted anomalies in the formation of new elements in cathodes -- and definitely not sourced from contamination --  involved in cold-fusion experiments. For example: Drs. T. Ohmori and Reiko Notoya, both of Hokkaido University reported Iron formation in Gold and Palladium cathodes, Potassium changing into Calcium, Cs133 producing an element of mass 134, Na23 becoming Na24; Dr. John Dash of Portland State University reported spots of silver, cadmium and gold protruding in palladium electrodes in both light and heavy water cells; Dr. Robert Bush of California Polytechnic, Pomona, reported strontium on the surface of nickel cathodes.

Very pertinent is the long-term research by Dr. Georgiy S. Rabzi of the Ukrainian International Academy of Original Ideas who reviewed his analysis of the mechanism of low-temperature transmutation, conducted since 1954. He passed out to attendees samples: a steel nut which acquired the color of copper and was reduced in size; magnetic stainless steel turned non-magnetic, asbestos which became like ceramic. No radioactivity had been observed in any of his experiments and he is convinced that radioactive wastes can be stabilized.

These observations, originating from various domains of scientific research lay a solid case of low level -- with minuscule power and signal strength and sometimes even in the natural state -- advanced transmutation. This transmutation involves a process that is very different in character from that considered by AECL in their Environmental Impact Statement.

We now proceed to the experimental results obtained by advanced transmutation which have direct bearing on the problem of disposal of nuclear waste fuel.


Interaction with ionic hydrogen and ionic oxygen

Brown's Gas has been developed by a Bulgarian-born Australian national, Prof. Yull Brown. In his process, water is separated into its two constituents, hydrogen and oxygen in a way that allows them to be mixed under pressure and burn simultaneously and safely in a 2:1 proportion.

The proprietary process results in a gas containing ionic hydrogen and oxygen in proper mixes which is generated economically and safely and which may be compressed up to 100 psi.

Brown's Gas is a "cornerstone of a technological edifice" with many commercial and industrial applications.

At this time, Brown's Gas generators are mass produced in the Bautou, a major research city in the People's Republic of China by the huge NORINCO factory which also manufacturers locomotives and ordnances -- and services the nation's nuclear industry complex.  Most of these generators (producing up to 4,000 litres/hour/2.4 water at 0.45 MPa with power requirements ranging from 0.66 kW up to 13.2 kW) are marketed for their superior welding and brazing qualities, costing between $ 2,000 and $ 17,000.

Some units have been used for the decontamination of radioactive materials since 1991.  In general, Brown's Gas generators produce between 300 and 340 litres of Brown's Gas per 1 kW energy DC current approximately and one litre of water produces 1.866.6 approximately litres of gas. A generator which produces 10,000 litres per hour has been built specifically for the reduction of nuclear waste.

On August 24, 1991, Baotou's Nuclear Institute # 202 released a report, The results of experiments to dispose of radiation materials by Brown's Gas which establishes that experimentation on Cobalt 60 radiation source decreased radiation by about 50% or half-life of radiation -- but sometimes more radiation is decreased which needs investigation of possibilities for decreasing more of the radiation in single treatments of exposure to Brown's Gas flame, lasting only a few minutes, in the samples as described in the table below.


                                        First Experiment                              Second Experiment

          Source Intensity                    580 millirads/hour                    115 - 120 millirads/hour


          After Treatment                    220 - 240 millirads/hour                    42 millirads/hour

         
          De-radioactivation of Cobalt 60 by exposure to Brown's Gas flame for less than 10 minutes. 1991           experiments conducted by Baotou Nuclear Institute # 220, People's Republic of China.


http://www.flickr.com/photos/13127449@N04/4833482989/sizes/l/
 Prof. Brown in his Sydney workshop/factory (with Geoff Moxham)



In another test conducted by Yull Brown before a public audience including U.S. Congressman Hon. Berkeley Bedell with committee responsibilities in this area of concern, the experiment ran as follows as reported by the press:

Using a slice of radioactive Americium ... Brown melted it together on a brick with small chunks of steel and Aluminum ... After a couple of minutes under the flame, the molten metals sent up an instant flash in what Brown says is the reaction that destroys the radioactivity. Before the heating and mixing with the other metals, the Americium, made by the decay of an isotope of Plutonium, registered 16,000 curies per minute of radiation.  Measured afterward by the [Geiger Counter], the mass of metals read less than 100 curies per minute, about the same as the background radiation in the laboratory where Brown was working.

This experiment indicated a reduction of radiation in the order of over 99% (to about 0.00625 of original level) -- in less than 5 minutes, with minimal handling.  The improvement in the de-radioactivation process from about 50% to nearly 100% has come only with persistent research over the decades by Brown and his colleagues.

The Brown's Gas generating units that produced such effects are not expensive -- a far cry from the multi-million processes tabled by AECL.  They are powered by low energy requirements and require only small volumes of water, at most a few liters per hour as fuel. Furthermore, the training required for operation is minimal.

The Hon. Bedell has reported, "it has been my good pleasure to witness experiments done by Prof. Yull Brown in which it appeared to me that he significantly reduced the radioactivity in several nuclear materials.  Under the circumstances, I believe it is very important for our federal government to completely investigate  Dr. Yull Brown's accomplishments in this area."

On August 6, 1992, almost a year after the Chinese nuclear report, Prof. Yull Brown made a special demonstration to a team of 5 San Francisco field office observers from the United States Department of Energy, at the request of the Hon. Berkeley Bedell.  Cobalt 60 was treated and resulted in a drop of Geiger readings from 1,000 counts to 40 -- resulting in radioactive waste residue of about 0.04 of the original level.  Apprehensive that somehow the radioactivity might have been dispersed into the ambient environment, the official requested the California Department of Health Services to inspect the premises. The health services crew found no radioactivity in the air resulting from this demonstration nor from another repeat demonstration held for their benefit.

This sequence of experiments was monitored by the Hon. Daniel Haley, the legislator who established the forerunner New York State Energy Research and Development Agency.

Other demonstrations, measured with under more sophisticated protocol and instrumentation have been made before Japanese nuclear experts, including four scientists from Toshiba and Mitsui (Cobalt 60 of 24,000 mR/hr with one treatment to 12,000 mR/hr). The Japanese scientists were so excited by what they saw that they immediately purchased a generator and air shipped it to Japan.  They sent Prof. Brown a confidential report of some of their results. Subsequently, they tried to obtain addition Brown's Gas generators directly from the People's Republic of China.

Prof. Brown first successfully de-radioactivated radionuclides of Cobalt 60 in his laboratory in Sydney, Australia with first experimental results of about 50%. He believes the ratio should improve with further research and development -- which understandably by the very nature of the materials, can only be conducted under regulated conditions.


 http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00VjvTBusyMgqJ/Brown-Gas-Generator-Oxyhydrogen-Gas-Generator-OH600-.jpg
A Brown's Gas generator manufactured in the People's Republic of China


Prof. Brown, during his 27 years of studying water and its atomic structure, experimenting with disassociation of water into its constituent parts of hydrogen and oxygen has noted that there are many variations of the atomic structures of the various waters dependent on the mixing of the three hydrogen isotopes (1H - protium, 1H2 - deuterium, 1H3 - tritium) which combine into six combinations of hydrogen and the six oxygen isotopes (8O14, 8O15, 8O16, 8O17, 8O18, and 8O19 ) -- or practically, 36 types of water -- 18 are stable and 18 have short life.

Now, because we have all of these types of water, we could have 36 types of Brown's Gas, and much more with special modifications of the gas; at the moment only a few are under investigation. His studies have led to the observation that the anomalous behaviour of water depends on the ability of water to modify energetics and physicochemical properties of the various permutations of the hydrogen/oxygen isotopes. As is known the lifetime, modes of decay and thermal neutron capture cross-sections vary significantly between these isotopes; likewise, Brown has seen the various stages of his gas offer very different effects. He has found that he can modulate a number of suitable mixes for his technology, thus providing an engineering tool in decontamination of nuclear wastes.

Our Association is disposed to organize demonstrations of the effects of Brown's Gas on nuclear materials before the panel examining AECL'S Environmental Impact Statement.


Interaction with Non-Hertzian Energy

In the 1960's, the Canadian engineer, Wilbert Brockhouse Smith, a major player in advancing the technical aspects of radio and television broadcasting in Canada began experimenting with Caduceus coils and noted that this counterwinding set-up produced anomalous effects and proposed that other experimenters attempt to follow this new area of investigation. These coils became popularly known as the "Smith Coils" and he believed that they were producing, in summation, a "scalar" field -- a non-Hertzian phenomenon.

It is now known that similar non-Hertzian phenomena may also be obtained by mobius, and bi-filar coils which oppose their alternating currents by virtue of their unique geometry. The resultant of all electromagnetic energy is believed to sum to zero in accordance with Newton's third law, thereby orthorotating the zero-point-energy into our 3-space.

A recent investigation by Dr. Glen Rein and T. A. Gagnon, assisted by Prof. Elizabeth A. Rauscher (Nuclear Physics, University of California, Berkeley and with Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, William Van Bise -- and with some support by Professor Emeritus (Material Sciences) William A. Tiller of Stanford University -- involved a modified Caduceus coil.

The 8.2 ohms coil indicated no electromagnetic fields even though powered with only 3 mA, 5 watt amplifier/mixer. Yet, the field from this set-up was able to decrease ambient radioactivity associated with environmental isotopes from 0.5 mR/hour to 0.0015 mR/hr -- or by 97%.

In contrast, Cobalt 60 increased its radioactivity from 150 to 250 mR/hour, in response to the non-Hertzian energy.

Thus the same non-Hertzian energy field produced opposite effects on different radioactive isotopes.

This type of experiment, which may have been highly dependent on the a mix of waveform signaling, involving superimposition of square waves containing specific repetition rates developed by Dynamic Engineering of Sacramento, California, indicates that research and development can determine the fine-tuning of special non-Hertzian procedures for the transmutation of specific isotopes.

Cost: less than $ 1,000 for a coil. Duration: about 24 hours. Result: up to 97 % reduction of radioactivity.

Another non-Hertzian approach to advanced transmutation has been hypothesized by the nuclear scientist, Tom E. Bearden and involves the use of "Whittaker scalar interferometry" directed in such a way as to directly extract electromagnetic energy from the mass of the radioactive nuclei.

In this system, the fundamental nuclear rates would be altered by way of "de-materializing" nuclei into constituent hidden (scalar) electromagnetic Whittaker energy.

E. T. Whittaker was a prominent British mathematician who published two papers of interest in this matter: 1) a general analysis of force fields into constituent fields -- differentiated into "undulatory", wave-disturbance propagation, longitudinal in character; and 2) an analysis  of electrons as being characterized by two scalar potential functions.  His work successfully pre-dates the experimental work of Y. Aharanov and D. Bohm who demonstrated that in the total absence of electromagnetic force fields, the potentials remain and can interfere at a distance to produce real effects of charged particle systems. Force fields are actually effects generated from potentials.

The figure below shows the conceptual use of a Whittaker Interferometer in the endothermic (energy extraction, electrostatic cooling) mode, for use in direct extraction of the electromagnetic energy constituting the radioactive nucleus.

By exposing the atomic nucleus to an externally engineered Whittaker-structured potential with a deterministic internal electromagnetic wave pattern, the internal structure of the mass potential may be slowly altered, changing the targeted atomic nucleus by gradually inducing a direct alteration of its internal Whittaker electromagnetic bi-wave composition.
         
 http://www.oocities.org/area51/shadowlands/9654/bearden/ansatzfig3.gif


Whittaker interferometer in endothermic mode for energy extraction from the mass potential of radioactive nuclei

A process based on this hypothesis remains proprietary, pending patent application, but could be demonstrated at a later date.



Our Association is disposed to organize demonstrations of the effects of scalar, non-Hertzian devices on nuclear materials before the panel examining AECL'S Environmental Impact Statement…


Acknowledgements

This submission has been prepared with the interventions of:

Lt. Col. (retired) Tom E. Bearden
Prof. Emeritus Dr. John O'M Bockris
Prof. Yull Brown
Prof. Pelayo Calante
Prof. Dr. Olivier Costa de Beauregard
Dr. Hal Fox
Lan Jin, M. Eng
Dr. Andrew Michrowski
Prof. Elizabeth A. Rauscher
Dr. Glen Rein
Lioudmila Ter, M. Eng
Prof. Emeritus William A. Tiller
Prof. Tom Valone, P.E.
William Van Bise, P.E
Prof. Meludin Veledar


We are also grateful for useful contributions of:

Prof. Phillip Crabbé
Kristopher Weiss


Bibliography
…Advanced Transmutation

Aharonov, Y. and D. Bohm.  Significance of electromagnetic potentials in the quantum theory.  Physical Review, Second series. Vol. 115, Number 3., August 1, 1959. p. 485-491. [In the total absence of electromagnetic force fields, the potentials remain and can interfere at a distance to produce real effects of charged particle systems. Forced fields are actually effects generated from potentials. See: Whittaker's two papers and research by T. E. Bearden on radioactive neutralization.]

Anomalous water -- explained by Brown's Gas research. Planetary Association for Clean Energy Newsletter. Vol. 6 (4), July, 1993. p. 11 - 12.

Bearden, T. E.. A redefinition of the energy ansatz, leading to a fundamentally new class of nuclear interactions. In: Proceedings of the 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, San Diego, California. 1992. IECEC, c/o American Nuclear Society. Vol. IV. p. 4.303 - 4.310.

Bird, Christopher. The destruction of radioactive nuclear wastes: does Professor Yull Brown have the solution ?  Explore !  Volume 3, Number 5. 1992. p. 3.

Brown, Yull. Welding. U.S. Patent 4,014,777. March 29, 1977. ["The invention also relates to atomic welding to which the mixture {of hydrogen and oxygen generated ion substantially stoichiometric proportions} is passed through an arc causing disassociation of both the hydrogen and oxygen into atomic hydrogen and oxygen which on recombination generate an extremely hot flame."]

Brown, Yull. Arc-assisted oxy/hydrogen welding. U.S. Patent 4,081,656. March 28, 1978.

Bruch, R., Elizabeth A. Rauscher, H. Wang, T. Tanaka and D. Schneider. Bulletin of the American Physical Society. Volume 37, 1992. [Discusses nature of variable decay rates of the radioactive nuclides, and the basis for their interaction with electromagnetic and gravitational forces].

Bruch, R., Elizabeth A. Rauscher, S. Fuelling, D. Schneider. Collision processes of molecules and atoms. In: L. Byass, editor. Encyclopedia of applied physics. American Institute of Physics. 1993. [Discusses nature of variable decay rates of the radioactive nuclides, and the basis for their interaction with electromagnetic and gravitational forces].

Costa de Beauregard, Olivier.  The expanding paradigm of the Einstein Theory.  In: Andrija Puharich, editor. Iceland Papers. New York. Essentia Research Associates. 1979. 190 p.; p. 161-189.

Dudley, H. C..  Radioactivity re-examined. CAEN Editors. April 7, 1975.  [Review of deviation of radioactive decay rates].

Haley, Daniel.  Transmutation of radioactive materials with Yull Brown's Gas -- 2500% radioactivity reduction. Planetary Association for Clean Energy Newsletter. Vol. 6 (4), July, 1993. p. 8 -9.

Harada, K. and Elizabeth A. Rauscher. Unified theory of Alpha decay. Physical Review. Volume 169, 1968. P. 818

Harada, K. and Elizabeth A. Rauscher. Alpha decay of Po212 ® Pb208, , Po210 ® Pb206, treated by the Unified Theory of Alpha decay. UCRL-70513, May, 1967.

Kervran, C. Louis. Biological transmutations. Magalia, CA. Happiness Press. 1989. 163 p.

Kervran, C. Louis. Transmutation of the elements in oats: new analyses. Planetary Association for Clean Energy Newsletter. Vol. 2 (3), July/August 1980. p. 4-6.

Kervran, C. Louis. Transmutation à faible énergie. Paris Maloine. 1972.

Magos, L. and T. W. Clarkson.  Volatilization of mercury by bacteria.  British Journal of Industrial Medicine. October, 1964. p. 294-8.

Rabzi, Georgiy S.  Mechanism of low temperature transmutation. In: John O'M. Bockris. Proceedings of Low-energy Transmutation Conference, Texas A&M University, June 19, 1995.
[Manuscript in progress]. [Available from New Energy News, P. O. Box 58639, Salt Lake City, Utah 84158-8639; (801) 583-6232, fax: 583-2963]

Rauscher, Elizabeth A. and R. Bruch. S-matrix theory of Alpha decay. [Book manuscript in progress.]

Puharich, Andrija [Henry K.]. Successful treatment of neoplasms in mice with gaseous superoxide anion (O2) and Ozone (O3) with rationale for effect. New York. Essentia Research Associates. [Presented to Sixth Ozone World Congress. International Ozone Association. May 26-28, 1983. Washington.] 89 p. [Pages 5-7 discuss numerous in vitro biological transmutation or Kervran reactions.]

Puharich, Andrija [Henry K.]. Method and apparatus for splitting water molecules. U.S. Patent 4,394,230. July 18, 1983.

Rauscher, Elizabeth A.. Study and application of the modification of nuclear decay rates by changes in atomic states. Tecnic Research Laboratories, Nevada. April, 1993. 28 p. [Protocol for design, test and implementation of decay rate change effects to nuclear waste materials].

Rauscher, Elizabeth A.  The properties of Plutonium and comparison to other metallic elements. University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. February 23, 1991. [Set basis for variable decay rates of the radioactive nuclides -- and their interaction with electromagnetic and gravitational forces].

Rein, Glen.  Ability of non-Hertzian energy to modulate Cobalt-60 radioactivity.  [Manuscript prepared for CEAA presentation]. 1 sheet.

Rein, Glen.  Utilization of a cell culture bioassay for measuring quantum fields generated from a modified Caduceus Coil.  In: Proceedings of the 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Boston, Massachusetts. IECEC, c/o American Nuclear Society. August, 1991. 4 pages. [Specific details regarding protocol and procedure used for modulation of radioactivity].

Smith, Wilbert B.. The new science. Ottawa. The Keith Press. 1964. 72 p.

Soinski, A. J., Elizabeth A. Rauscher and J. O. Rasmussen. Alpha particle amplitude and phases in the decay of 253Es.  Bulletin of American Physical Society. Volume 18, 1973. p.768. [Modulation of decay rate of radionuclides by extra nuclear environmental conditions].

Yull Brown's Gas. Planetary Association for Clean Energy Newsletter. Vol. 6 (4), July, 1993. p. 10 - 11.

Whittaker, E. T..  On the partial differential equations of mathematical physics. Mathematische Annalen. Vol. 57,. 1903. p. 333-355. [Demonstrates that a standing scalar potential wave can be decomposed into a special set of directional electromagnetic waves that convolute into a standing scalar potential wave. As a corollary, then, a set of bi-directional electromagnetic waves -- stress waves -- can be constructed to form such a wave in space. Whittaker's wave represents a standing wave of variation in the local curvature of vacuum.]

Whittaker, E. T..  On an expression of the electromagnetic field due to electrons by means of two scalar potential functions.  Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society.  Vol. 1. 1904. p. 367-72. [Shows how to turn a standing scalar potential wave back into electromagnetic energy, even at a distance, by scalar potential interferometry, anticipating and greatly expanding the famous Aharonov-Bohm effect, predating the modern (Bohm) hidden variable theory of quantum potentials.  Such a procedure could be developed to neutralize radioactive nuclei.]

(C) All Rights Reserved. This article is copyrighted by the author and is published on this web site solely for educational purposes.
Excerpted From the Planetary Association for Clean Energy Inc. @ http://pacenet.homestead.com/Nucwaste.html


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